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Pathology > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the specific signs of hepatic disease

A

Hepatomegaly Microhepatica Icterus Ascites Hepatoencephalopathy

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2
Q

What are the non-specific signs of hepatic disease

A

Depression Weightloss Anorexia Vomiting Abdominal PU/PD

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3
Q

What can liver failure affect

A

Nervous, renal and cutaneous systems

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4
Q

How is liver disease detectable

A

A variety of suggestive clinical signs Blood biochemistry

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5
Q

What are the consequences of liver failure

A

Hyoerbilirubinaemia Cutaneous lesions Vascular/haemodynamic alterations: portal hypertension Hypoalbuminaemia Bleeding tendency/coagulopathy Hepatic encephalopathy Impaired hepatic immune function

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6
Q

What is bilirubin

A

Pigmented waste product of RBC breakdown

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7
Q

What are bile acids

A

Made from cholesterol, responsible for emulsification and absorption of fat Decreased in intestine

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8
Q

What is phylloerythrin

A

Breakdown product of chlorophyll Increase in serum/tissue

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9
Q

What is hyperbilirubinaemia

A

Hepatic injury can cause increased concentration of bilirubin in blood causes jaundice

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10
Q

What are the 3 main reasons of hyperbilirubinaemia

A

Excessive haemolysis - over production of bilirubin from haemoglobin breakdown Severe liver damage - reduced uptake conjunction and secretion of bilirubin by hepatocytes Cholestasis - intrahepatic or extra hepatic cholestasis

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11
Q

What is bile calculi

A

Solid precipitate from supersaturated bile constituents Only a problem if cause obstruction

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12
Q

What is photosensitisation

A

Skin injury/necrosis due to activation of photodynamic pigments by UV high from sun

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13
Q

What is primary photosensitisation

A

Ingest specific toxic plants containing photodynamic pigments

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14
Q

What is secondary photosensitisation

A

Liver damage or cholestasis especially if on green feed

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15
Q

What is a plant that causes primary photosensitisation

A

St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

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16
Q

What happens with secondary photosensitisation

A

Phylloerythrin is produced from chlorophyll in ingested green plants by bacteria in intestines

17
Q

What is hepatocutaneous syndrome

A

Syndrome of chronic liver injury and skin disease Epidermis is affected Crusting, erosions. ulceration

18
Q

What is portal hypertension

A

Elevation in BP in normally low pressure portal vein

19
Q

What is the cause of portal hypertension

A

Increased resistance to portal blood flow

20
Q

What are the extensive diffuse fibrosis of the liver causes

A

Increased resistance to blood flow within the liver - Portal hypertension - Acquired portosystemic shunts Portal hypertension also causes - Ascites

21
Q

What is hypoalbuminaemia

A
  • Reduced albumin synthesis of the liver - Loss of albumin in GIT due to portal hypertension - Can cause generalised oedema - Can cause ascites
22
Q

What causes bleeding tendency

A
  • Impaired synthesis of coagulation factors - Biliary obstruction causes impaired fat absorption - Altered platelet function - Reduced clearance of FDPs, activated clotting factors and plasminogen - Dysfibrinogenaemia
23
Q

What is coagulopathy secondary to

A

Extensive acute hepatic necrosis

24
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy: disorders of the CNS

A

Abnormal neuromuscular and CNS neurotransmission Due to increased plasma ammonia (HN3) and/or other toxic metabolites Exacerbated by hypoglycaemia that can also occur

25
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy: what causes brain - spongy vacuolation of white matter

A

From increased plasma NH3

26
Q

What is the consequence of hepatic immune function

A

Shunting of blood due to fibrosis, cirrhosis - Blood bypasses liver parenchyma - Reduced blood filtration by Kupffer cells - Reduced removal of infectious agents, LPS ect - Frequently develop endotoxaemia or systemic infections

27
Q
A

Cholestasis, Lantana poisoning cattle

28
Q
A

Cholelithiasis

29
Q
A

Cholelithiasos

30
Q
A

Icterus/Jaundice

31
Q
A

Hepatic biliruben retention

32
Q
A
33
Q
A

Cutaneous necrosis

Photosensitisation

34
Q
A

Acquired porto-systemic shunting due to portal hypertension

35
Q
A

Coagulopathy - epicardial ecchymoses in acute fatal Cestrum poisoning in cow

Pathology (26 decks)

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