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Lecture 22 and 23 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Normal pig lung

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2
Q
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Normal rats lung

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3
Q

What do the black dots represnet

A

Inhaled particles trapped in mucous

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of lining in the alvioli

A
  1. Type I aveolar
  2. Type II aveolar
  3. Macrophages
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5
Q

Why is the respiratory system vulnerable to injury

A
  1. Constant exposure to - microes, particles, fibres, toxicgases a vapours in the air
  2. Large surface area in the alveoli
  3. Large volume of air passing continuously into the lungs
  4. Lungs are also susceptible to haematogenous microbes,toxins and emboli
    5.
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6
Q

What is the conducting defense mechanism of the lungs

A
  • Sneezing, coughing
  • Mucociliary clearance, mucous
  • Antibodies
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7
Q

What is the transitional system of the lungs

A
  • Clara cells (detoxify foregin substances)
  • Antioxidants, antibodies
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8
Q

What is the exchange system of the lungs

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • Intravascular monocytes
  • Antibodies, surfactant, antioxidants
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9
Q

When is the defensce mechanism of the lungs altered

A
  • Injured epithelium
    • Enhances bacterial attachment
    • Impaired mucociliary clearance
  • Reduction in antibacterial secretory products
  • Dysfunction of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes
  • Immunosupressive effects of some virsues
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10
Q

What viruses predispose to bacterial pneumonia

A
  • Influenzia
  • Bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza-3, bovine syncytial virus
  • Canine distemper
  • Bacterial infections may result from normal flora of the respiratory tract
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11
Q
A

Blue: large macropahage that has ingested bacteria

Red: small cluster of neutrophils

R. Equui

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12
Q

What are the effects of gases on the respiratory system

A
  • Render respiratory tract susceptible to secondary bacterial infections - impaired defense mechanisms
  • Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia in housed animals: overcrowding of animals increases the problem
  • Pollutants in cities
    *
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13
Q

What is epistaxis

A

Blood flow from the nose - either from the nasal cavity or lungs

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14
Q

What is haemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood in septum or saliva - commonly from lung lesions

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15
Q

What is ethmoidal haematomas

A

Important in horses

  • Chronic, progressive, often unilateral nasal bleeding
  • Appears as soft, tumour-like, dark mass arising from the mucosa of the ethmoidal conchae
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16
Q

What is hyposmia

A

Reduction of olfactory function secondary to chronic injurt to olfactory epithelium

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17
Q

What is anosmia

A

Loss of olfactory function

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18
Q
A

Ethmoidal haematoma - horses

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19
Q

What is serous Rhinitis

A

Clear fluid

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20
Q

What is catrrhal rhinitis

A

Thick mucus with some leukocytes and cellular debris

Progressto mucopurulent with neutrophils present

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21
Q

What is mucopurulent rhinitis

A
  • Heavy neutrophil content plus mucous and cellular debris
  • More severe damage to mucosa, necrosis
  • Indicates secondary bacterial infections
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22
Q
A

Suppurative Rhinitis: calf

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23
Q

What is fibrinous rhinitis

A
  • Inflammation with increased vascular permeability
  • Large amount of fibrinogen coagulates into fibrirn
  • Yelow, tan or grey rubbery mat on the mucosa
  • May form a pseudomemrane that is difficult to remove and has underlying necrotic tissue
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24
Q
A

Fibrinous rhinitis: calf

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25
What is granulomatous rhinitis
* Chronic allergic inflammation * Fungal infections * Foreign bodies * Granulomatous masses may obstruct nasal cavity * May lead to destruction of the turbunates or erosion into sinuses
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Granulomatous rhinitis: cow with fungal infection on nasal septum
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What is sinusiis
* Can occur with rhinitis * Can develop from penetrating wounds or tooth infection into maxillary sinus * Poor drainage of sinuses tend to cause * Accumulation of mucus * Accumulaion of pus * May extend into adjacent bone
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Fungal sinusitis: dog
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Fungal sinusitis: dog
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What is equine viral rhinopneumonitis and what does it cause
* Equine herpies virus * Mild respiratory disease in foals and young adults
31
What is equine influenza
* Highly contagious, self-limitying * Upper respiratory infection * Hige morbidity and low mortality
32
What bacteria causes strangles
Streptococcus equi spp equi
33
What does strangles cause
* Suppurative rhinitis * Copious amounts of mucopurulent nasal discharge * Hyperaemia of nasal mucosa * Mandibular and retropharyngeal * Inflammation of lymphnodes * May spread to lungs and other organs 'bastard strangles'
34
What causes glanders
Burkholderia mallei
35
What is seen with glanders
* Nasal mucosa * Pyogranulomatous nodules * Lungs * Nodules resembling millent seeds * Cutaneous lesions * Suppuratie lymphangitis
36
What is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
* Bovine herpesvirus 1 * Significant in intensive feedlot systems * Synergism of IBR with Mannheimia haemolytica producing pneumonia
37
What is the respiratory form of IBR
* Severe hyperaemia anf focal necrosis of nasal, pharyngeal, larygneal and tracheal mucosa * Secondary bacterial infection leading to fibrinonecrotic layers * Post mortem diagnosis confirme by virus isolation or identification of the virus by immunocytochemistry or PCR
38
IBR calf: fibrinous laryngitis and racheitis
39
What is atrophic rhinitis
Inflammation and atrophy of the nasal conchae
40
Atrophic Rhinitis: pigs * Nasal septum is distorted * Conchae are smaller and asymmetrical * Dorsal and venral meatuses appear enlarged or entrie conchae may be missing
41
What is inclusion body Rhinitis
* Disease of young pigs * Mild rhinitis * Necrotising, non-suppurative rhinitis
42
Inclusion body rhinitis
43
What is feline viral rhinotracheitis
* Herpes virus * Common * Predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia
44
What is feline calicivirus
* Different strains * Mild to severe rhinitis * Mucopurulent conjunctivitis * Ulcerative gingivitis and stomatis * Secondary bacterial infection
45
What is felie clamydiosis
* Chlamydophila felis * Conjunctivitis and serous to mucopurulent rhinitis
46
What are avian respiratory diseases
* Infectious coryza - avibacterium paragallinarum * Pasturellosis - pasteurella multocida * Mycoplasmosis - mycoplasma spp.
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Infectious Coryza - caused by avibacterium paragallinarum
48
Fowl cholera
49
Mycoplasmosis: turkey
50
Explain nasal neoplasia
* Can arise from any of the tissues * Most nasal neoplasms are malignant * Become secondarily infected with bacterai * Chilical signs may overlap thoses of infectious rhinitis * Mucopurulent discharge, periodic haemorrhage, sneezing, blockage of nasolacrimal ducts
51
Squamous cell carcinoma: horse
52
Nasal adenocarcinoma: sheep
53
What are abnormalities of the pharynx, guttural pouches, larynx and trachea
* Brachycephalic airway syndrome * Tracheal collapse and stenosis
54
What are degenerative disorders of the pharynx, guttural pouches, larynx and trachea
Laryngeal hemiplegia
55
What are inflammation of the guteral pouch in horses
Diverticula of the eustachian tubes
56
What is brachycephalic airway syndrome
* Stenotic external nostrils * Extensive lengthof soft palate * Eversion of laryngeal saccules
57
How is tracheal collapse and sternosis caused
* Aquired or congenital * In toy breeds or brachycephalic breeds of dogs * May extend to whole length of trachea * Abnormal cartilaginous glycoproteins and loss of elasticity of tracheal rings causes the collapse * Have a localised abnormality with stenosis
58
What is laryngeal hemiplegia
* Roaring * Common * Atrophy of dorsal and lateral circoartyenoid muscles * Recurrent laryngeal nerve degeneration * Idiopathic * Inflammation or compression of nerve
59
What causes inflammation of the gutteral pouch (Empyemia)
Infected with a variety of pathogens including fungi esp in stabled horses Empyema is also a sequela to stranles Can extend to the carotid artery and cause fatal bleeding, also nerve damage leading to dysphagia
60
What usually causes pharyngitis and laryngitis
* Most cases are due yo trauma or are component of a respiratory tract infection * Pharyngeal proliferation * Necrotic laryngitis * Opportunistic infection with Fusovacterium becrophorus * Yellow-grey, thick crusted, fibrinecrotic exudate surrounded by a zone of hyperaemia * Can progress to deep ulceration
61
Necrotic laryngitis: calf Fusobacterium necrophorum
62
Trichomoniasos in a bird of prey Trichomonas gallinae
63
Why do birds need vit A and what does deficiency cause
* Normal cell function * Mucous gland cells undergo squarmous metaplasia * Glands become enlarged with keratin and become infected * Conjuntivitis, pharyngitis and tracheitis * Can occur in back yard poultry with no greed feed and fed only grain * Rainforest birds fed grain *
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Vit A deficiency Squamous metaplasia in pharyngeal mucous glands
65
What is petechial haemorrahages
* Seen in coagulopathies, inflammation and septicaemia * In pigs, can be seen in classical swine fever and salmonellosis * Severe dyspnoea and asphyxia before death can cause congestion, ecchymotic and perrechial haemorrhages
66
What is infectious laryngotracheitis
* Higly infectious disease affecting birds of all ages * Rapid onset of respiratoy distress with gasping, respiratory gurgling and rattling * Vaccine avaliable
67
Infectious laryngotracheitis

Pathology (26 decks)

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