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Immunology > Lecture 14: Mucosal Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Mucosal Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary antibody in mucosal immunity

A

IgA

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2
Q

What are some common intranasal vaccines

A

Influenza, bordetella/kennel cough

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3
Q

What are some common oral vaccines

A

Rabies, Sabin polio vaccine

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4
Q

What mucosal surface has the greatest concentration of immune cells

A

GI tract

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5
Q

What are some innate components of mucosal immunity

A

Tears, sneezing, mucus, cilia, coughing, normal flora, acidic pH of stomach neutrophils, eosinophils

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6
Q

What is the B cell response for mucosal immunity

A

IgA

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7
Q

What is the T cell response to mucosal immunity

A

Intraepithelial

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8
Q

What are the two primary functions of the mucosal immune system

A

Defensive and permissive

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9
Q

What is the defensive role of the mucosal immune system

A

Actions against pathogens that gain entry via mucosal surfaces via elimination or exclusion

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10
Q

What is the permissive function of the mucosal immune system

A

Actions to accommodate commensal organisms

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11
Q

What Ig primarily mediates exclusion

A

IgA

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12
Q

What Ig primarily mediates elimination

A

IgG and IgE

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13
Q

What is the major Ig in mucosal defense and prevents adherence of pathogens

A

IgA

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14
Q

What Ig responds to parasites that avoid IgA

A

IgE

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15
Q

What Ig responds to other organisms that avoid IgA

A

IgG

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16
Q

What makes IgA

A

Submucosal B cells

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17
Q

How many antigens can IgA bind

A

2-4

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18
Q

What are some mechanisms of action of IgA

A

Prevents adherence, inhibits bacterial cell division

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19
Q

What are the sites IgA can bind antigen

A

Cells-enterocytes, tissue fluids, lumen

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20
Q

How is secretory IgA formed

A

PIgR binds IgA in basolateral surface, internalized and the reexpressed on mucosal surface as secreted form, pIgR become secretory component and resistances protease degradation

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21
Q

How does antigenic stimulation occur at mucosal surface

A

Pathogen or vaccine

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22
Q

What controls IgM to IgA class switching

A

TNF-B

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23
Q

What controls terminal differentiation of IgA producing plasma cells

A

IL-6

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24
Q

What cytokines are involved in IgA production

A

IL-6, IL-5, IL-4, IL-10

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25
What are the costimulatory molecules in IgA
APRIL/BAFF
26
What body fluid has the highest concentration of IgA levels
Colostrum
27
Where are alpha:beta T cells located
Lamina propria
28
Where are gamma:delta T cells located
Epithelial layer beneath or between enterocytes Aka intraepithelial lymphocytes
29
What do gamma:delta T cells do
Present antigen, prevent oral tolerance, regulate B cells, and attack parasites
30
What do Th17 cells secrete
IL-17 and IL-22
31
what does IL-17 do
Neutrophil chemotaxis
32
what does IL-22 do
Promotes mucosal healing
33
What cells are involved in antigen processing in the intestinal wall
M+ cells, intraepithelial cells, and dendritic cells
34
Antigens that enter enterocytes is usually degraded in ___
Lysosome
35
Antigen that enters M cells is not degraded, what happens to it
May be presented to intraepithelial lymphocyte (gamma:delta T cell) within M cell or may pass along intercellular space to tissue fluid and then drain into lymph node
36
What are addressins
Molecules that regulate lymphocyte trafficking
37
What is an example of addressins
MadCAM-1 and ligand a4/B7
38
What are the inductive sites in GI tract mucosa
GALT, include M cells, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells
39
What are the effector sites in GI tract mucosa
IgA production sites like lymphoid nodules and isolated plasma cells
40
What is the process of antigen binding to Ig in intestine
Antigen binds mast cell with IgE Mast cell degranulates Vasoactive factors released Increased vascular permeability IgG exudes into tissue
41
Where are commensal bacteria located in GI
Behind glycocalyx barrier and don’t routinely contact enterocytes
42
What Ig is produced that prevents commensal from breaching mucosal barrier
IgA
43
What does IL-10 do in mucosal immunity
Inhibits inflammatory response to commensal by blocking TLR-MyD88 pathway
44
What does IL-2 do in mucosal immunity
Inhibits inflammatory response to commensal by blocking TLR independent pathways
45
Pathogens that breach glycocalyx may
Attach to enterocytes and produce toxins
46
What are some severe responses initiated relative to commensal pathogens
Pro inflammatory cells like IL-17-neutrophil chemotaxis
47
Commensal inhibit pathogens via ___
Competition
48
2% of food absorbed can cause immune recognition but what controls the response
Oral tolerance directed at TH1 cells does cellular suppression and anergy
49
What is the primary immunoglobulin in respiratory tract mucosa
IgA
50
What Ig is found in lower airway mucosa
IgG
51
Airway mucus contains what antimicrobials
Lysozymes, lactoferrin and surfactant
52
What does surfactant A and D do
Bind microbes and act as opsonins, enhance clearance of apoptosis cells and modulate actions of T cells and dendritic cells
53
What do B, C surfactant do
Decrease surface tension
54
What do PIMS do in large animals
Remove blood pathogens
55
What are some immunity functions in urogenital tract mucosa
Flushing from urine, low pH, IgA found in urine
56
What does urinary stasis lead to
Ascending infection
57
What covers the female reproductive tract epithelium
Antimicrobial mucous
58
What is present at lower female reproductive tract for mucosal immunity
Keratinocytes that express PRR’s, produce cytokines, abx peptides
59
What Ig is most prominent in the lower female reproductive tract
IgA
60
What is present in female upper reproductive tract for mucosal immunity
Macrophages, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells
61
What Ig is most prominent in mucus layer of upper reproductive tract of females
IgG
62
What is present in the urethral epithelium of male reproductive tract for mucosal immunity
Macrophages, dendritic cells
63
What is present in urethra, testes, and prepuce for mucosal immunity
T cells
64
What Ig predominates seminal fluid
IgG
65
What is present in non-lactating animals mammary gland for mucosal immunity
Keratin plug
66
What is present in lactating animals at mammary gland for mucosal immunity
Flushing activity of milk, lactenins-antimicrobial substances in milk
67
What are some functions of lactenins
Complement, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperioxidase
68
What Ig predominates in milk in monogastrics
IgA
69
What Ig predominates in ruminant milk
IgG1
70
What important cells does colostrum contain
Macrophages and lymphocytes
71
What are the forms of contagious mastitis
Streptococcus and staphylococcus
72
What is environmental mastitis
Coliforms
73
How would cow appear if infected with gangrenous mastitis
Systemically ill
74
What would the California mastitis test look like if positive
DNA from cells form gel
75
What is the goal of oral/intranasal vaccination
Stimulate IgA production
76
Can you use dead organisms for oral/intranasal vaccines
Must use live organisms so they can invade mucosa and persist long enough to stimulate response
77
What are some examples of live oral/intranasal vaccines
Bovine rhinotrachetitis vaccine, feline rhinotracheitis vaccine, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis vaccine, equine strangles

Immunology (22 decks)

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