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Immunology > Lecture 25-Tolerance and Autoimmunity II > Flashcards

Lecture 25-Tolerance and Autoimmunity II Flashcards

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1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Immune response against normal body components

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2
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Disease resulting from an attack by an individuals immune system against an individuals own tissues

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3
Q

Does autoimmunity always create disease

A

No

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4
Q

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease occurs from loss of

A

Central or peripheral tolerance

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5
Q

Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases likely occurs from

A

Random, cumulative small mutations

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6
Q

Risk to autoimmunity and autoimmune disease affected by

A

Increasing age, genetics, heritability, sex hormones

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7
Q

What are the two scenarios for autoimmunity and autoimmune disease

A
  1. Normal response to unusual antigen
  2. Abnormal response to normal antigen
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8
Q

What are cryptic antigens and is it a normal or abnormal response

A

Normal response
Antigens previously hidden by immune system

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9
Q

How are cryptic antigens released and from where

A

Via tissue trauma
From immune privileged sites, inside cells (heart attack, infection, chronic inflammation)

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10
Q

What is CD233

A

New epitope forms on CD233 on aging RBC’s and antibody mediated destruction by splenic macrophages occurs

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11
Q

Is CD233 on aging epitopes causing antibody mediated destruction by splenic macrophages an example of physiologic or pathological autoimmunity

A

Physiologic

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12
Q

CD233 is an example of what type of normal response

A

Newly formed antigens

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13
Q

What is rheumatoid factor

A

Autoantibodies to other immunoglobulins

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14
Q

How are rheumatoid factors formed

A

Occurs when a new epitope forms in the Fc region and Ig antibodies bind it

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15
Q

Rheumatoid factors are most common when

A

Immune complexes are formed

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16
Q

Rheumatoid factors are present in what diseases

A

Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus

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17
Q

Rheumatoid factors are what kind of normal response

A

Newly formed antigens

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18
Q

What are immunoconglutinins

A

Autoantibodies to complement, new epitope form on activated complement

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19
Q

What type of normal response are immunoconglutinins

A

Newly formed antigens

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20
Q

An abnormal response is a failure of

A

Regulatory control

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21
Q

Autoimmune disorders are common in individuals with what types of tumors

A

Lymphoid

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22
Q

What is the result of a defect in CD95 or CD95 ligand

A

CD95 is involved in apoptosis of self T cells in thymus so with defect, release self reactive cells

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23
Q

What is microchimerism

A

Presence of another individuals cells within your own body

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24
Q

What is an example of microchimerism

A

Mother and fetus exchange of cells

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25
Fetal cells often found in women with what disease
Scleroderma
26
Maternal cells often found in boys with
Dermatomyositis
27
What is an example of a virus that can cause multisystemic AD
Reovirus
28
What is an example of a bacteria that can cause AD uveitis
Leptospira
29
What is an example of a Protozoa that can cause cardiomyopathy
Tyranosoma cruzi
30
What are the three mechanisms that could be responsible for an abnormal response: infection induced AD
1. Molecular mimicry 2. Epitope spreading 3. Bystander activation
31
What is infection induced AD: molecular mimicry
Shared epitopes on infectious agents and self antigens, epitope on self isn’t recognized but one on pathogen is so antibodies are formed Antibodies then react with self epitope
32
What is infection induced AD: bystander activation
Infection results in tissue destruction and releases antigens, infection causes massive inflammatory cascade and help is accidentally provided to nearby cells to respond to new antigens
33
What type of antigen is usually the culprit in mimicry and bystander activation
Viruses
34
What is infection induced AD: epitope spreading
Reaction initially occurs to specific pathogenic epitope then reaction spreads to additional epitopes some which may be self—> runaway train of autoimmune disease
35
What type of hypersensitivity is immediate
Type 1
36
What type of hypersensitivity is cytotoxic
Type II
37
What type of hypersensitivity has immune complexes
Type III
38
What type of hypersensitivity is delayed
Type IV
39
What type of hypersensitivity is the following: milk allergy in cattle, delayed milking forces casein into circulation and anaphylaxis occurs
Type I immediate
40
What type of hypersensitivity is Lupus
Type III immune complex
41
What type of hypersensitivity is autoimmune thyroiditis
Type II cytotoxic
42
What type of hypersensitivity is MS, insulin-dependent DM
Type IV delayed
43
Immune meditated disease
Immune system attacks the organs and tissues of body
44
Autoimmune disease
Subset of immune mediated disease, in which specific antigens of the body are known to initiate a response
45
What are some endocrine targets of autoimmunity
Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas
46
What is the target of autoimmunity in pancreas
Islet of langerhans—> insulin-dependent DM
47
What is equine polyneuritis
Cause equina in horses: sacral and coccygeal nerves become damaged as AD disease targets myelin protein
48
What is canine polyneuritis
Coonhound paralysis
49
What species does steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis occur in
Dogs
50
What are the targets of necrotizing meningeoencephalitis and what species does it occur in
Targets- neural or vascular Species; dogs
51
What is degenerative myelopathy
Demyelination disorder in dogs
52
What is the target of cerebellar degeneration
Granular cells Common in coton du tulear puppies
53
What is equine recurrent uveitis often associated with
High leptospira titers
54
What does uveodermatological syndrome affect
Eyes, skin, hair
55
What is alopecia areata
Hair follicle AD
56
What are two examples of blistering diseases
Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus folicaceus
57
What is desmoglein 3 associated with
Pemphigus vulgaris
58
What is desmocolin 1 associated with
Pemphigus foliaceus
59
Where is Pemphigus vulgaris located
Deep epidermis
60
where is Pemphigus foliaceus located
Superficial epidermis
61
What are 3 examples of basement membrane diseases
Bulbous Pemphigoid Linear IgA dermatosis Epidermolysis bullosa
62
What is type XVII collagen associated with
Bulbous pemphigoid
63
Where is bullous pemphigoid located
Basement membrane
64
What are two common AD as a result of targeting blood cells
IMHA and IMTP
65
What is the target of myasthenia gravis
Acetylcholine receptor
66
What is primary clinical sign of myasthenia gravis
Muscle weakness
67
What are some AD caused by targeting muscle
myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, autoimmune masticatory myositis, canine cardiomyopathy, dermatomyositis
68
What is the pathogenic of SLE
Genetic factors leading to T and B cell abnormalities, resulting in impaired apoptosis via multiple autoantibodies
69
What symptoms/signs does an animal need to have to diagnose SLE
Two of the following: skin lesions, polyarthritis, IMHA, thrombocytopenia, renal disease/proteinuria, positive ANA or positive LE
70
What does a positive LE test look like
Neutrophils phagocytosing nuclear components of apoptosis cells
71
What are some signs of canine RA
Stiffness or joint pain after inactivity, symmetrical swelling in multiple joints, sterile synovial fluid containing neutrophils, positive rheumatoid factor test, erosive polyarthritis
72
What inflammatory cells/cytokines are released in pathogenesis of RA
anti-IG, IL-17, IL-6, TNF, and neutrophils
73
What is equine recurrent uveitis
Painful, inflammatory ocular condition
74
What T cell response mediates equine recurrent uveitis
Th1
75
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is equine recurrent uveitis
Type IV delayed
76
What is the target of equine recurrent uveitis
Retinal proteins
77
What is equine recurrent uveitis a common sequelae to
Leptospira

Immunology (22 decks)

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