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Immunology > Lecture 15- Immune Response to Viruses and Parasites > Flashcards

Lecture 15- Immune Response to Viruses and Parasites Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the primary mechanism in the defense against viruses

A

Killing of virus infected cells by cytotoxic T cells

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2
Q

What is an obligate pathogen

A

Uses host cell machinery and may be host adapted- making it easier to evade immune system

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3
Q

What are the steps in viral pathogenesis

A
  1. Virus binds receptor
  2. Enters cell via endocytosis or fusion
  3. Nucleic acid released from capsid
  4. Replication occurs
  5. New nuclei acids packaged into new capsids
  6. New virons are released or cell disintegrates to release virons
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4
Q

What are the steps in DNA Virus replication

A

Infectious viral DNA undergoes replication to form new viral DNA then undergoes transcription to become new viral RNA then translation to become viral protein and then viral assembly

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5
Q

What are the steps in RNA replication

A

Infectious viral RNA will replicate and form new viral RNA then will undergo translation to viral protein and then protein assembly

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6
Q

What are the steps in lentivirus replication

A

Infectious viral RNA will undergo reverse transcription to form viral RNA then transcription to form viral rna then translation to viral protein and then virus assembly

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7
Q

What is an example of DNA virus

A

Canine parvovirus

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8
Q

What is an example of RNA virus

A

Influenza

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9
Q

What is an example of lentivirus

A

Equine infectious anemia, HIV

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10
Q

What TLRs detect nucleic acids

A

3, 7, 8, 9w

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11
Q

Hat detects intracellular nucleic acid sensors in all nucleated cells

A

RIG-1, MDA-5

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12
Q

What are some innate responses to viruses

A

Interferons, lysozyme, bile/intestinal enzymes, conglutinin, mannose-binding lectin, surfactant proteins A&D, defensive, apoptosis of host cells

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13
Q

What are interferons

A

Glycoproteins secreted by virus infected cells, trophoblasts

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14
Q

What is interferon alpha

A

Plasmatyic dendritic cells via TLR7/9, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages

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15
Q

How many isoforms of interferon-alpha do pigs, cattle, horses and dogs have

A

Pigs and cattle: 12
Horses: 4
Dogs: 2

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16
Q

What is interferon Beta

A

Virus infected fibroblasts

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17
Q

What is interferon-w/all

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, trophoblasts of many species

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18
Q

What is interferon T

A

Ruminant trophoblasts

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19
Q

What is interferon delta

A

Pig trophoblast

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20
Q

What is interferon kappa

A

Keratinocytes

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21
Q

What is interferon gamma

A

Antigen stimulated T cells, pig trophoblasts

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22
Q

What is interferons a, beta

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A

Produced very rapidly by virus infected cells

23
Q

What stimulates NK cells

24
Q

What do NK cells produce

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A

Interferon gamma

25
Who has more rapid response natural killer cells to cytotoxic t cells
Natural killer cells
26
Interferons activate many ____
Anti-viral mechanism
27
What is 2’5 OAS
Antiviral protein, activated by exposure to dsRNA and upregulated by interferons
28
What are Mx proteins
GTPase that inhibit influenza viruses
29
What does 2’5 OAS degrade
RNA
30
What does protein Kinase R prevent
Translation
31
What does Mx GTPase block
Viral assembly
32
What are some antibody responses to viruses
Block absorption into cell, stimulate phagocytosis, initiate complement
33
What diseases is antibody mediated destruction of host cells important
Rabies, new castle disease, FLV, BVD, avian infectious bronchitis
34
What are cell mediated mechanism responses to viruses
Viral antigens expressed on infected cell before new virus is reassembled can be presented on cell surface by MHC I, Tc cells recognize viral peptide as foreign, Tc cells kill infected cell
35
Antigenic variation number for swine flu
H1N1
36
Antigenic variation number for equine flu
H3N8
37
Antigenic drift
Change in structures of H/N molecules
38
Antigenic shift
Recombination of two strains
39
What are ways viruses can evade immune system
Antigenic variation, reduced effectiveness of antibodies, blocking interferons, downregulating MHC I- reduced effectiveness of NK cells and Tc cells
40
How does equine herpesvirus type 1 evade immune system
Has latent phase Enters multiple cell types in horses- endothelial, epithelial and mononuclear Users MHC I as entry molecule Cell associated viremia allows rapid spread- neurologic disease and abortion Can hide envelope proteins, down regulate MHC I, and gG proteins inhibit cytokines
41
Immunity to parasites is characterized by a ___ response and __ production
Th2 response and IgE production
42
Helminths are ___parasites
Obligate
43
What is the function of thick cuticle in helminths
Can’t be destroyed efficiently by MAC or complement
44
What plays a role in destruction of helminths
Eosinophils
45
What do L-arginines do
Drive granuloma formation and reduce availability of arginine which is anti-inflammatory by decreasing T cell activity
46
What is the primary response to helminths
Th2 as well as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IgE, mast cells, eosinophils
47
What is IgE mediated self cure reaction to helminths
Worms secrete antigens in saliva and triggers mast cell degranulation and vasoactive molecules released This stimulates smooth muscle contractions and vascular permeability-dislodges and flushes worms, IL-13 stimulates epithelial proliferation, sloughs worms
48
Degranulating mast cells produce chemotactic substances for
Eosinophils
49
Th2 cells produce ___ that mobilizes eosinophils from bone marrow
IL-5
50
What are the four components in eosinophil
Major basic protein Eosinophilia neurotoxin Catatonic protein Eosinophilic perioxidase
51
What are the two mechanisms typically used in cell mediated immunity against parasites
Delayed type hypersensitivity (type IV)-T cells and NK cells Direct attack
52
What are some ways parasites evade immune system
Immunosuppression, protease inhibitors, immunoglobulin splitting proteins, prostaglandins, antioxidants
53
What re taeniastatins
Protease inhibitors produced by taenia taeniaformis
54
What are some functions of taenia taeniaformis
Inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, inhibits complement activation, inhibits T cell proliferation, inhibits IL-2 production

Immunology (22 decks)

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