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Immunology > Lecture 22+23: Immunizations > Flashcards

Lecture 22+23: Immunizations Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Immunization

A

The process of producing a state of resistance or protection from a pathogenic organism or toxic substance

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2
Q

Passive immunization

A

Transfer of preformed antibodies to recipient to provide immediate immunological protection

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3
Q

Does passive immunization activate immune system or generate memory response

A

NO!

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4
Q

What are the two categories or passive immunization

A

Natural and artificial

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5
Q

What is natural passive immunization

A

Goal is to protect fetus until its owner immune system is mature

Transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring across the placenta and/or colostrum/milk

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6
Q

What is artificial passive immunization

A

Goal is to protect an individual from a challenge before their immune system can be activated

Injection with preformed antibodies (ex: antitoxins/antivenins, pooled immune globulin

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7
Q

What is the half life for IgG

A

21 days

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8
Q

Describe how the transfer of maternal antibodies in utero occurs

A

IgG crosses the placenta, placental cells internalize serum containing maternal IgG. Neonatal Fc receptors (FcRN) are expressed in internal vesicles and when acidified they can bind material IgG. Transcytosis of maternal IgG and release into fetal circulation

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9
Q

What antibodies are transferred in milk/colostrum

A

Secretory IgA (and/or IgM) and IgG transferred into milk to newborn (not significant source of IgG)

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10
Q

What antibodies are transferred into the gut

A

Secretory IgA remains in gut- absence of maternal sIgA alters composition of microbiota

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11
Q

Describe how the transfer and intestinal absorption of maternal antibodies in colostrum and/or milk occurs

A

Maternal IgG can be absorbed from the GI tracts, neonatal Fc receptors (FcRN) are expressed on surface of enterocytes within the duodenum. Transcytosis of maternal IgG and release into neonatal circulation

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12
Q

Clinical application: Failure of Passive Transfer

A

Horse and ruminant newborns don’t have any maternal antibody protections so are immunologically naive at birth

Neonates are agammaglobulineimic and are dependent on antibodies absorbed into bloodstream from colostrum

If neonates don’t get adequate colostrum they are are higher risk of infections

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13
Q

How does artificial passive immunization occur

A

Injection of preformed antibodies from one animal species into another for immediate protection

Serum is collected from animal that has been hyperimmunized with desired antigen

Ig’s are harvest, purified and sometimes cleave Fc region to reduce antigenicity

Injected into patient to provide immediate protection

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14
Q

What are some potential risks to consider for artificial passive immunization

A

Hypersensitivity reactions as horse antibodies are seen as non-self to dog

May prevent patient from mounting an active immune response to antigens

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15
Q

Clinical application: antitoxins: tetanus (ex of Artificial passive immunization)

A

Used to prevent and treat tetanus in domestic animals

Tetanus is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits muscle relaxation, antitoxin neutralizes toxin and confers immediate passive immunity for 1-2 weeks

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16
Q

Clinical application: Antivenin (ex: of artificial passive immunization)

A

Used for treatment of snakebites in domestic animals

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17
Q

What is active immunization

A

Acquisition or administration of infectious organism, portion of an organism of toxin

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18
Q

Does active immunization produce immunological memoryq

A

Yes! Immune system in immunized patient is actively developing immune response

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19
Q

What are two categories or active immunization

A

Natural and artificial

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20
Q

What is active natural immunization

A

Infection with pathogenic substance

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21
Q

What is artificial active immunization

A

Vaccination with either preventative or therapeutic vaccines

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22
Q

What type of immunization induces production of antibodies ad development of effector T cells due to exposure of pathogen or vaccination

A

Active immunization

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23
Q

Repeat exposure ___ antibody titers

A

Increases

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24
Q

What do vaccination and boosters induce

A

Class switching, increased antibody titer and increased avidity

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25
Live (infectious) vaccine characteristics
Replicate in host, single dose, less stable, short shelf life, can potentially cause disease, better immunity, no adjuvant required, may revert to virulence, IgG, IgA and cell mediated immune response
26
Non-living (non-infectious) vaccine characteristics
Can’t cause disease, stable, less robust immunity, often require multiple diseases, requires safe method of inactivation, mainly IgG and little to no cell-mediated immune response
27
Live virulent vaccines
Relatively rare, high risk of causing disease with live pathogen
28
What is an example of live virulent vaccine
Orf- used against pustural dermatitis or scabby mouth Common viral infection of sheep and goats Can be transmitted to humans
29
Live attenuated or modified live vaccine
Contain intact, viable organisms but their virulence has been reduced, induce low level infections and replicate but do not induce significant disease or tissue damage in immunocompetent patients
30
What is one method of attentuation
Repeated culture of pathogen in non-host strain, virus will mutate to be able to grow in non-host cell and then virus no longer grows well in original host cells, used for vaccines
31
What is the most common type of vaccine in veterinary medicine
Live attenuated and modified live
32
What are two examples of live attenuated and modified live vaccines
1. Bovine coronavirus vaccine- protects calves against enteric disease 2. DA2PP, protects dogs against distemper, adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza virus, and parvovirus
33
What is an example of a vaccine that provides cross-protection
DA2PP provides protection against CAV-2 but also CAV-1 which is infectious canine hepatitis/blue eye
34
Which vaccine type may have deletions or modifications of key virulence factors
Live attenuated or modified live
35
What is aujesky’s disease
Suid herpesvirus infection; neurological and respiratory signs, fetal abortion
36
What important components does aujesky’s disease (pseudorabies) vaccine contain
Vaccine strain has a genetic deletion of thymidine kinase (TK) or glycoprotein E (gE)- both genes are important in viral invasion and replication
37
What are DIVA vaccines
Attenuation that makes a vaccine strain antigenically different from natural occurring pathogen allows for differentiation between infected vs vaccinated animal s Aka: marker vaccine
38
What is an example of DIVA/marker vaccines
Infectious bovine rhinotrachetitis (IBR)- gene deletion of surface glycoprotein E (GpE or gE) in vaccine strain
39
What would indicate that a cow was naturally infected with IBR
Serological detection of anti-GpE antibodies
40
What are inactivated and killed vaccines
Intact, killed organism, pathogens are dead so they are unable to replicate in host, no risk of causing disease Organism should have minimal changes to antigen structure No risk of reversion back to virulent strain
41
What are two methods of inactivation of organisms
Chemical and low energetic electron radiation
42
What is chemical inactivation
Mix live virus with B-PL or formalin—> virus structure is intact but chemically intact
43
What happens to a virus exposed to low energetic electron irradiation
Intact antigens but destroyed nuclei acids
44
What are some examples of killed/inactivated vaccines
IBR, rabies, equine west Nile
45
Killed vaccines are often less _____ and only stimulate an antibody response
Immunogenic
46
What do killed/inactivated vaccines often require to maximize effectiveness of immune response to vaccine components
Adjuvant
47
What is an adjuvant
Substances that promote persistence in the tissues and/or enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen, added to vaccines to augment the immune response
48
How do adjuvants augment the immune response
Increase persistence of antigen, PRR activation, enhanced antigen uptake, increased antigen presentation to T cells, recruitment of immune cells
49
How does a depot adjuvant work
Slow removal of antigen—> prolonged immune response
50
How do particulate adjuvants work
Enhanced antigen presentation—> enhanced cytokine production by APCs—> enhanced Th cell response—-> enhanced cell-mediated immunity
51
How do immunostimulatory adjuvants work
Stimulate TLR’s—> enhance s=cytokine production by APCs—> enhance Th cell responses—> enhanced antibody production
52
What are toxoid vaccines
Modified toxins so that toxoid retains antigenicity but toxic moiety has been altered so no longer toxic Ex: tetanus toxin
53
What are subunit vaccines
Contain parts/portions of an organism
54
What is an example of a subunit vaccine
Streptococcus equi (strangles) vaccine- concentrated purified M protein from bacterium, also contains adjuvant aluminum hyroxide
55
What are the three main types of recombinant vaccines
Make DNA vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and vectored vaccines
56
How do recombinant vaccines work
Identify gene of interest, clone gene and insert gene into construct
57
What is the goal of recombinant vaccines
Induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to antigens
58
Naked (Plasmid) DNA vaccines
Contain genetically engineered DNA, insertion of immunogenic gene into a plasmid expression vector, transform into bacteria and replicate, APC’s take up DNA and then synthesize pathogenic protein to activate both B and T cells
59
What are some examples of naked plasmid DNA vaccine
Melanoma for dogs (oncept) West Nile for horses (d/c)
60
What are recombinant subunit vaccines
Recombinant plasmid DNA is engineered and inserted into a host organism for culture (typically bacterial host Host cells synthesize recombinant proteins of interest
61
What are some examples of recombinant subunit vaccines
Recombinant Lyme disease vaccine- OspA protein Chimeric recombinant Lyme disease vaccine- OspA and chimeric OspC protein
62
What are vectored vaccines
Consist of a live, non-pathogenic or attenuated organism (vector) genetically engineered to contain a gene from a pathogen Infects cell but can’t cause disease Infected cells synthesize the pathogens antigens to trigger immune response
63
What is an example of vectored vaccines
recombinant FeLV vaccine- canarypox vector encoding FeLV p27 antigen
64
What are the 10 commandments of vaccination
1. Not every animal requires a vaccine 2. There are core and non-core vaccines 3. Vaccines should be administered to as many animals as possible within a herd or population 4. Young animals require special considerations since maternally derived antibodies can interfere 5. Animals should be vaccinated as infrequently as is possible or required- know duration of immunity 6. Vaccines should not be administered to pregnant animals unless specifically recommended 7. Generally, vaccines should not be administered to sick or immunosuppressed animals 8. Veterinarians in consultation with clients should decide which vaccines are appropriate 9. Always read and understand vaccine data sheet 10. Detailed records should be kept of vaccines administered
65
What are the most likely adverse events associated with vaccines
Errors, normal toxicity, hypersensitivity, neurological reactions and foreign body reactions

Immunology (22 decks)

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