Lecture 17 Flashcards
Stereotype threat
Risk of judgment about gender -> stress -> lowered performance - self-fulfilling-prophesies
Flynn Effect
IQ scores around the world have steadily gained over time - could have to do with environment (enriched)
Longitudinal changes in cognition
Declines for processing speed, working memory, long-term memory. Steady for world knowledge. Varying patterns for different dimensions of cognition/intellect - multi-directionality
Fluid intelligence
The “hardware” of the mind - processes - decline over time - strong influence of biology and heredity
Crystallized intelligence
Acquired knowledge - may improve with age - strong cultural influence
Factors that reduce effects of cognitive decline
Absence of cardiovascular, favorable/stimulating environment, high socioeconomic, flexible personality, high cognitive status of spouse
Happiness and age
Tend to be happier as focus on emotional goals, better regulatory skills, perspective, positivity bias, more confirmation bias
Cognitive errors and old age
Less extreme: affective forecasting errors, sunk cost bias. More extreme: confirmation bias, availability heuristic
Expert vs. lay perceptions of risk
Though experts often more accurate in judging specific kinds of risk, they are not necessarily better at judging risk in general. Experts who get frequent feedback are the best with risk assessment
Many laypeople vs. 1 expert
For predicting world events, 1000 laypeople can predict better than 1 expert. The more diverse and gender balanced the group, the better the prediction
What predicts good forecasting?
Training in probability, actively having open mind
Framing and individual differences
Not every frame works the same on everybody - depends on individual beliefs and values
