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Public Health > Lecture 18: Introduction to zoonotic diseases, their management and emergence > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Introduction to zoonotic diseases, their management and emergence Flashcards

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1
Q

Zoonoses

A

Disease naturally transmitted between animals and humans, both way transmission

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2
Q

Anthropozoonosis

A

Focuses on human infections, animal to human infection

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3
Q

What are some examples of anthropozoonsis

A

Rabies, brucellosis, cat scratch disease, bat to human transmission of COVID-19

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4
Q

Zooanthroponosis

A

Human to animal infection, focus on animal infections

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5
Q

Examples of zoonathroponses

A

TB in elephants, influenza to ferrets, human transmission of COVID-19 to mink

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6
Q

What are some situations where zoonosis may occur

A
  1. Farm sites
  2. Animal processing facilities
  3. Forestry processing facilities
  4. Recreation
  5. Laboratories/clinics
  6. Emergencies
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7
Q

What is an agent

A

Organism causing disease

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8
Q

What is a reservoir

A

Carrier, source of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts, may or may not have symptoms of infection

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9
Q

Can the environment be a reservoir

A

Yes!

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10
Q

What is an amplifier

A

Intermediate host, high levels of agent replication, often in closer human contact, asymptomatic infections in many cases, most associated with vector borne diseases

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11
Q

Dead end host

A

Agent does not replicate to the level necessary for further transmission, asymptomatic in some cases but severe disease is possible, often associated with vector borne diseases

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12
Q

Anthrax, brucellosis and plague are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Covid-19, influenza, rabies are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents

A

Viruses

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14
Q

Dermatophytes and histoplasma are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents

A

Fungi

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15
Q

Mad cow disease is an example of what type of zoonotic infectious agent

A

Prions

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16
Q

What are the three subtypes of parasite zoonotic infectious agents

A

Protozoa, helminths, and arthropods

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17
Q

What type of zoonotic infectious agents does toxoplasma and giardia belong to

A

Protozoa

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18
Q

What type of zoonotic infectious agents does baylisascariasis, trichnosis belong to

A

Helminths

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19
Q

What type of zoonotic infectious agents does scabies belong to

A

Arthropods

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20
Q

What reservoir species is rabies, roundworms, ringworm and cat scratch disease associated with

A

Dogs and cats

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21
Q

What reservoir species is salmonella, E. Coli, brucellosis and Q fever associated with

A

Livestock

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22
Q

What reservoir species is avian influenza, chlamydiosis, and cryptococcus associated with

A

Birds and poultry

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23
Q

What reservoir species is salmonella, and mycobacterium associated with

A

Reptiles, fish, amphibians

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24
Q

What reservoir species is rabies, hantavirus, plague, and tularemia associated with

A

Wildlife

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25
What type of life cycle does strongyles- round worms have
Single vertebrate host/resevoir species
26
What type of life cycle of zoonotic disease si toxoplasmosis associated with
Multiple vertebrate host/resevoir species
27
What type of lifecycle zoonotic disease is powassan virus associated with
> 1 vertebrate/invertebrate host/resveoir species
28
What are some examples of direct contact zoonotic disease transmission
Infected tissue, bite wounds, body fluids
29
What are some examples of indirect contact zoonotic disease transmission
Forties (food and water dishes), aerosol
30
What is the infectious dose for Q fever
Only 1 organism!h
31
What is the infectious dose for Mad cow disease (BSE)
> 4 million slaughtered cattle in UK and only 178 human cases
32
What is the SIR model of pathogenesis
Susceptible—-> incubation period—> infected/symptomatic—> transmission —> recovered, removed or dead
33
How many known zoonotic diseases are there
Over 250
34
How many notifable diseases are there at national level
25
35
How many cases of rabies worldwide per year
55,000
36
How many cases of leishmaniasis worldwide per year
> 2 million
37
How many deaths of cysticerosis per year worldwide
50,000 deaths
38
How many cases of brucellosis worldwide per year
500k
39
How many cases of leptospirosis worldwide per year
10 million
40
How many estimated cases of salmonella yearly
1 million
41
How many estimated cases of campylobacter yearly
1.3 million
42
What is the focus of traditional health management at an animal and public health at farm level
Focuses on treatment of sick animals, focus on treatment, less towards prevention
43
What does herd health management optimize
Health, welfare and production in a population of animals through analysis Of relevant data and regular objective observations of the animals and their environment
44
What health management system allows for informed, timely decisions to adjust and improve herd management over time, focus on prevention
Herd health management
45
Herd health management identifies risk factors for disease based on what 3 things
Agent, animals and environment
46
What are the objectives of herd health management approach
Optimize health by preventing health, production and reproductive problems, improve herd management practices, animal welfare and ecological quality of environment, quality and safety of dairy and meat products, profitability of enterprise
47
Who is the state veterinarian in AZ
Dr. Ryan Wolker
48
What are the roles of the the state veterinarian under the state department of agriculture
Animal health and welfare regulations, classifying reportable diseases, animal import/export requirements
49
Who is the chief veterinary officer for USDA/APHIS
Dr. Rosemary Sifford
50
What are the roles of the USDA/APHIS chief veterinary officer
Area veterinarian in charge, animal health and welfare regulations, classifying reportable diseases, animal import/export requirements
51
Who is the director of the WOAH
Dr. Monique Eloit
52
What are the roles of the WOAH
Sets disease prevention and control standards, serves as point of contact for disease occurrence, ensures members have access to all tools necessary to respond to disease threats
53
What is agroterrorism
The deliberate introduction of animal or plant disease for the purpose of generating fear, causing economic loss or undermining social stability
54
What departments and agencies are responsible for protection
Department of homeland security, APHIS, FSIS, and ARS
55
What are emerging infectious diseases
New or newly indentified pathogen or syndrome or one that has resulted in new manifestations or an infectious disease
56
What are re-emerging infectious diseases
Resurging infection a previously identified or known pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to new geographical areas, or affecting new population or species
57
What % of emerging diseases are zoonotic
60%, (72% originating in wildlife)
58
What are the most common agents in emerging diseases
Bacteria or rickettsia (54%)
59
Emerging diseases are more commonly ___ and ___
Vector borne and drug resistant
60
Emerging hotspots in ___ areas for emerging diseases
Tropical areas
61
What type of disease agent is Zika, monkeypox, and influenza
Viral
62
What factors cause re-emergence in zika
Land use, travel, translocation
63
What factors cause re-emergence in monkeypox
Human behavior, trade
64
What factors cause re-emergence of influenza
Pathogen adaptation, human demographics and behavior
65
What factors cause re-emergence in giardiasis
Childcare, travel and tourism
66
What factors cause reemergence in TB
Human demographics and behavior, immunodeficiency, pathogen adaptation and antimicrobial resistance
67
What factors can re-emergence in salmonellosis
Industrialization and food technology, human demographic and behavior, pathogen adaptation and antimicrobial resistance

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