Lecture 21: Zoonosis of Exotic species

Question 1

what are contributing factors to increasing exotic zoonoses

Answer 1

human movement and habitat modification, urban sprawl, consumption of bush meat and wild animals, access to petting zoos, exotic pet ownership

Question 2

what type of bacteria is salmonella

Answer 2

gram negative

Question 3

what are the two species of salmonella

Answer 3

enterica and bongori

Question 4

how many serotypes are there of salmonella and how many cause human disease

Answer 4

> 2,600 serotypes, < 100 cause human disease

Question 5

what is the most common infectious foodborne pathogen

Answer 5

salmonella

Question 6

what are the most common exotic animal reservoirs for salmonella

Answer 6

reptiles, birds, sugargliders, hedgehogs and rodents

Question 7

why is it not reasonable to identify if reptile is free of salmonella

Answer 7

shed intermittently in feces so fecal may be negative even if salmoenlla is present

Question 8

how can we diagnose salmonellosis

Answer 8

1. culture (feces or blood)
2. PCR
   3, serology

Question 9

what is treatment for salmonellosis

Answer 9

don’t prophylactically treat exotic pets if it is not causing clinical disease

treat based on culture and sensitivity if symptomatic

Question 10

what type of bacteria is chlamydia psittaci

Answer 10

gram negative cocci
obligate intracellular bacteria

Question 11

what animals pose greatest exposure risk for chlamydiosis

Answer 11

avian species, poultry, raptors, pigeons, seabirds

Question 12

besides avian species how else can chamydiosis spread

Answer 12

contaminated bedding, dust, dander, feces, aerosolized and ingested

Question 13

how long can elementary body of chlamydiosis remain viable

Answer 13

> 30 days

Question 14

what are clinical signs of chlamydiosis in animals

Answer 14

conjunctivitis, lethargy, anorexia, green feces, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, neurologic signs

Question 15

what is most common clinical signs in humans with chlamydiosis

Answer 15

mild flu like signs

Question 16

how to diagnosis chlamydiosis

Answer 16

PCR, culture, serology, identify elementary body with microscopy

Question 17

which diagnostic test of chlamydiosis tests for active infection

Answer 17

PCR

Question 18

what is treatment for Chlamydiosis

Answer 18

doxycycline for 45 days
macrolides may be more useful when treating chronic cases

Question 19

is Chlamydiosis reportable in arizona

Answer 19

yes!

Question 20

what type of stain picks up mycobacteriosis

Answer 20

acid fast rod

Question 21

mycobacteriosis is widespread where

Answer 21

environment

Question 22

what bacterial zoonoses can cause acute or chronic systemic granulomatous disese

Answer 22

mycobacteria

Question 23

how does exposure to M.Marnium mycobacterium occur

Answer 23

direct contact with contaminated water sources or infected fish

Question 24

how does M.marnium enter body

Answer 24

skin injuries or external parasites

Question 25

how does exposure to M. tuberculosis mycobacterium occur

Answer 25

aerosol infectious material, worldwide distribution

Question 26

what species most commonly carry M. tuberculosis mycobacterium

Answer 26

elephants and primates

Question 27

what are some clinical signs of M. Marnium in fish

Answer 27

weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, cutaneous and/or systemic granulomas

Question 28

what are the clinical signs of M. Marnium in zoo mammals

Answer 28

chronic weight loss, excessive discharge from trunk/respiratory system

Question 29

what are clinical signs of M. Marnium in people

Answer 29

cutaneous disease- ulcers, abscess, granuloma

Question 30

what are clinical signs of M. tuberculosis in people

Answer 30

pulmonary disease, weight loss, weakness, chills/fever

Question 31

how to diagnose M. Marium

Answer 31

PCR, culture and biopsy for histopathology and staining

Question 32

how to diagnose M. tuberculosis in elephants

Answer 32

routine testing for captive elephants, trunk wash for culture, acid fast stain and PCR

Question 33

how to diagnose M. tuberculosis primates

Answer 33

intradermal skin test culture and PCR

Question 34

where is tuberculosis skin test injected in primates

Answer 34

eyelids

Question 35

how to treat M. Marnium in people

Answer 35

many slowly resolve, may need surgery or prolonged combination antibiotic tx

Question 36

how to treat M. Tuberculosis

Answer 36

combination of drugs: rifampin, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyranzinamide

Question 37

what type of bacteria is rat bite fever

Answer 37

gram negative

Question 38

where does rat bit fever reside in rodents

Answer 38

nasal region and oropharynx

Question 39

what is main reservoir for rat bite fever

Answer 39

rats but wild animals can be too

Question 40

how is one exposed to rat bite fever

Answer 40

bite wounds or scratches

Question 41

incubation period for rat bite fever

Answer 41

2-21 days

Question 42

what are clinical signs in rats with rat bite fever

Answer 42

otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses

Question 43

what are clinical signs in people with rat bite fever

Answer 43

petechial rash with S. moniliformis, can cause septic arthritis at joints which can cause death

Question 44

how to diagnose rat bite fever

Answer 44

PCR and culture

Question 45

how is avian influenza typically carried from place to place

Answer 45

waterfowl and shorebirds

Question 46

how is avian influenza transmitted

Answer 46

fecal-oral and fecal-cloacal transmision

Question 47

what are target organs for avian influenza

Answer 47

respiratory, GI, and nervous sytem

Question 48

what is difference between low pathogenic avian influenza and high pathogenic avian influenza

Answer 48

difference in mortality

Question 49

what is low pathogenic avian influenza

Answer 49

typically reservoir species, generally asymptomatic to mild signs, decreased egg production

Question 50

what is high pathogenic avian influenza

Answer 50

highly pathogenic strain that is reportable

Question 51

how to diagnose Avian influenza

Answer 51

serology- useful for surveillance and showing freedom from infection PCR viral isolation

Question 52

what is treatment for avian influenza

Answer 52

no specific treatment

Question 53

how are highly pathogenic avian influenza birds handled

Answer 53

depopulated

Question 54

what are the only species other than poultry approved for vaccine against avian influenza

Answer 54

california condors

Question 55

what type of animal is very susceptible to human influenza type A and B

Answer 55

ferrets

Question 56

what are some symptoms of ferrets infected with human influenza type A

Answer 56

Upper respiratory disease, anorexia, lethargy

Question 57

what type of zoonotic disease is herpes virus

Answer 57

zoonathroponotic

Question 58

what are some clinical sides of human herpesvirus in new world monkeys

Answer 58

peracute encephalitis, hepatitis, and death

Question 59

how to diagnose human herpesvirus

Answer 59

serology, virus isolation, PCR, histopathology

Question 60

how to treat humans herpes virus

Answer 60

antiviral agents (acyclovir, valacyclovir), supportive care, grave prognosis in new world monkeys

Question 61

what is a definitive host

Answer 61

final host, a host in which parasite becomes sexually mature

Question 62

what is an intermediate host

Answer 62

necessary host in which a parasite passes one ore more of its asexual stages

Question 63

what is a paratenic host

Answer 63

potential intermediate host that serves until the definitive host is reached; no development occurs; may or not not be needed to complete the parasite life cycle

Question 64

what is an accidental host

Answer 64

one that accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily part of the parasite lifecycle

Question 65

what is rat lungworm

Answer 65

nematode roundworm

Question 66

in what areas can rat lungworm be found

Answer 66

tropical and subtropical regions

Question 67

what is most common cause of eosinophilic menigitis

Answer 67

rat lungworm

Question 68

what species are most affected by rat lungworm

Answer 68

primates, marsupials, horses, dogs, tawny frogmouths, armadillos

Question 69

what is the definitive hot in rat lung worm (A. cantonesis)

Answer 69

rats

Question 70

what is the intermediate host in rat lungworm (A. cantonesis

Answer 70

snails and slugs

Question 71

what is the paratenic host in rat lungworm (A. catenoesis

Answer 71

crabs, shrimp, amphibians

Question 72

how do you contract rat lungworm

Answer 72

eating undercooked snails or slugs, or what has been contaminated through their larvae

Question 73

what are clinical signs of rat lungworm

Answer 73

meningeoencephalitis, headache, fever, stiff neck, muscle spasms, nausea

Question 74

how to diagnose rat lungworm

Answer 74

eosinophilia in blood and/or CSF may see larvae in CSF PCR

Question 75

how to treat rat lungworm

Answer 75

many recover without treatment but can use anthelminitcs and supportive care

Question 76

how to prevent rat lungworm

Answer 76

avoid ingestion of contaminated items, avoid eating raw snails/slugs, rat and snail slug control measures for intermediate hosts

Question 77

what type of parasite is encephalitozoonosis

Answer 77

obligate intracellular gram positive microspordial parasite

Question 78

who is commonly exposed to encephalitozoonosis

Answer 78

rabbits, rodents, carnivores, primates and birds

Question 79

what species commonly sheds encephalitozoonosis in urine

Answer 79

rabbits

Question 80

how is encephalitozoonosis transmitted

Answer 80

ingestion via infective spores, transplancental may occur

Question 81

infection with encephalitozoonosis is generally an opportunistic infection, therefore who shouldn't have rabbits as pets

Answer 81

immunocompromised

Question 82

what are clinical signs of encephalitzoonosis in rabbits

Answer 82

usually latent but can see neurologic signs, renal disease, multi-organ granulomatomas inflammation, cataract formation

Question 83

how to diagnose encephalitozoonosis in rabbits

Answer 83

urine antibody levels, CSF analysis, serologic testing, histopathology

Question 84

how do you treat encephalitozoonosis in rabbits

Answer 84

no effective curative treatment benzimidazoles help decrease clinical signs, prolonged courses needed

Question 85

what is a side effect of long term benzimidazole treatment

Answer 85

bone marrow suppression

Question 86

how to prevent encephalitozoonosis

Answer 86

environmental sanitation (inactive spores), proper hygiene when handling rabbits

Question 87

what are the steps in managing a zoonotic outbreak at zoo or wildlife setting

Answer 87

1. identify triggers (diagnose or suspect zoonotic disease) 2. notify stakeholders 3. isolate the animal 4. waste management 5, report to authorities 6. treatment/animal management