Lecture 2

Question 1

Where do immune cells egress from?

Answer 1

Bone marrow (as hematopoietic stem cells)

Question 2

What type of cells do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to?

Answer 2

Innate immunity cells: megakaryocyte ( –> platelets), eosinophil, basophil, erythrocytes, monocyte (–> dendritic cell, macrophage), neutrophil

Question 3

What type of cells do lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to?

Answer 3

Adaptive immunity cells: T cell, B cell (–> plasma cell), NK cell

Question 4

What innate immune cells are found in the brain?

Answer 4

miocroglia (macrophages), dendritic cells

Question 5

What innate immune cells are found in the lungs?

Answer 5

macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

Question 6

What innate immune cells are found in the liver?

Answer 6

Kupffer cells (macrophages), dendritic cells

Question 7

What innate immune cells are found in the reproductive tract?

Answer 7

Macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

Question 8

What innate immune cells are found in the blood vessels?

Answer 8

neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils

Question 9

What innate immune cells are found in the intestines?

Answer 9

macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

Question 10

What innate immune cells are found in the skin?

Answer 10

macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

Question 11

Which cell types are tissue resident?

Answer 11

macrophages, mast cells

Question 12

Which cell types are circulating?

Answer 12

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 13

What is the first step of infection in regards to the immune response?

Answer 13

Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines

Question 14

What causes redness, heat, and swelling?

Answer 14

increased vascular permeability and widening of blood vessels

Question 15

What causes the pain response?

Answer 15

inflammatory cells release mediators into the tissue causing pain (like neutrophils)

Question 16

How does a macrophage end up near the bacteria?

Answer 16

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on macrophage –> Microbial associated molecular patterns on bacteria results in chemotaxis towards non-self target

Question 17

What drives phagocytosis?

Answer 17

Actin filamentation drives engulfment (receptor binds, actin protrusion, coupling of actin to surface, membrane delivery and fission)

Question 18

What is a lysosome?

Answer 18

organelle that actively breaks down cellular waste, full of proteases, nucleases, lipases, and glycosidases

Question 19

Where is the bacterial material bound and broken down?

Answer 19

bound and internalized in phagosomes, broken down in phagolysosomes

Question 20

What is superoxide dismutase?

Answer 20

enzyme catalyzing superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide

Question 21

What is the danger with O2- and H2O2?

Answer 21

reactive oxygen species that are toxic to cells, can cause DNA damage and loss of protein function

Question 22

Describe process of granule proteases being released from granule matrix.

Answer 22

phagosomes fuse with primary and secondary granules, Rac2 induces assembly of functional NADPH oxidase in phagolysosome membrane, generating O2-. Acidification as result of ion influx results in release of granule proteases.

Question 23

What are cytokines?

Answer 23

immune signaling molecules

Question 24

What does IL stand for?

Answer 24

interleukin

Question 25

What does IL-1beta do?

Answer 25

activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells

Question 26

What are systemic effects of IL-1beta

Answer 26

fever, production of IL-6

Question 27

What does TNF-alpha do?

Answer 27

activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, leading to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissues, increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

Question 28

What are systemic effects of TNF-alpha?

Answer 28

fever, mobilization of metabolites, shock

Question 29

What does IL-6 do?

Answer 29

lymphocyte activation, increased antibody production

Question 30

What are systemic effects of IL-6?

Answer 30

fever, induces acute-phase protein production

Question 31

What does CXCL8 do?

Answer 31

chemotactic factor that recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to site of infection

Question 32

Which cytokine(s) are related to pain?

Answer 32

IL-1beta

Question 33

Which cytokine(s) are related to redness?

Answer 33

TNF-alpha

Question 34

Which cytokine(s) are related to swelling?

Answer 34

TNF-alpha

Question 35

Which cytokine(s) are related to heat?

Answer 35

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6

Question 36

How does mast cell activation recruit circulating granulocytes?

Answer 36

signaling molecules (leukotrienes and prostaglandins) promote migration of eosinophils and basophils to site of infection --> release proteases and promote tissue damage

Question 37

What role do endothelial cells play after mast cell activation?

Answer 37

increase blood flow and vessel permeability

Question 38

What role do sensory neuronal cells play after mast cell activation?

Answer 38

activate itching

Question 39

What roles do leukotrienes and prostaglandins have?

Answer 39

promote migration of eosinophils and basophils to site of infection, promote fluid secretion and mucus production

Question 40

What is the role of histamine?

Answer 40

promotes vasodilation

Question 41

What is the role of heparin?

Answer 41

increases blood flow

Question 42

What are NETs?

Answer 42

neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 43

How do NETs work?

Answer 43

composed of neutrophil chromatin, histones exhibit antimicrobial properties

Question 43

How are T cells activated?

Answer 43

dendritic cells will activate T cells, activating the adaptive immune system

Question 43

Through what system are dendritic cells trafficked?

Answer 43

lymphatic system