Lecture 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
cytoplasm
area of cell outside nucleus that suspends inclusions and organelles
ctyoplasmic matrix (cytosol)
area devoid of inclusions and organelles
inclusions
stored pigments and fats in a cell
usually glycogen and fat (lipid)
what’s used to stain cells to find inclusions?
PAS- magenta
to find the carbs- glycogen
Mcardle disease
genetic disorder where the PHOSPHORALASE does not get rid of glycogen and there is a build up in the sarcolemma (plasma membrane of muscle)
-causes exercise intolerance, hi creatinine, cramping, elevated myoglobin but no venous lactate increase
In what diseases do we see accumulation in lipid storage (fats inclusions)?
fatty liver disease
where are tattoo pigments stored
in macrophages
anthracosis
accumulation of carbon in lungs/lymph nodes due to a lack of phagocytization by macrophages in the lungs
Hemosiderin
endogenous pigment- iron containing pigment found in macrophages of the spleen and liver
brown color
Hemosiderosis
increased level of hemosiderin in liver and spleen from
1) increased absorption of iron from the diet
2) impaired use of iron in body
3) hemolytic anemia
4) transfusions
Hemochromatosis
genetic disorder with a severe accumulation of iron resulting in excessive iron absorption or transfusion
What cells typically have a high conc. of hemosiderin?
heart failure cells
what’s Bilirubin?
when levels of bilirubin are high, what color do the sclera and skin appear?
endogenous pigment
yellow-brown
elevated in liver and biliary disease (bile duct in liver slowly destroyed)
-appear yellow (jaundice)
3 types of melanin
eumelanin, neuromelanin, pheomelanin
what’s Eumelanin?
When is it elevated?
black-brown pigment absent in albinos (no tyrosinase) found in epidermis (makes skin darker) and in retina Elevated: -when UV radiation -Addison's disease- elevated ACTH
What’s neuromelanin?
black brown pigment in neurons
it’s assumped that it has a neuroprotective fxn
what are the most pigmented areas of the brain?
substantia nigra (black substance) locus coerleus
How do the dopaminergic cells of nerve cells look in Parkinson’s disease?
get a depigmentation in dopaminergic cells of nerve cells in the substancia nigra
-makes sense since it’s assumed to have a neuroprotective fxn
What’s phaeomelanin?
Red pigment responsible for red hair
not protective against UV rad.
What’s lipofuscin?
mixture of lipids, metals and organic molecules
brown-yellow
-called the “aging pigment”
-accumulates in long living cells like cardiac cells, skeletal cells and neurons
-accumulation is a measure of cellular stress and observed in malnutrition and cacexia (wasting away)
what conditions do you often see lipofuscin?
cytomegalovirus (herpes 5)
What is the plasmalemma?
What’s it made up of?
it is the plasma membrane. it separates the inside of the cell from the outside.
Made of:
glycolipids
phospholipids
cholesterol- makes it less permeable to small, water soluable molecules but helps maintains the plasmalemma strength
lipid rafts
- small areas in membranes where sphingolipids and cholesterol accumulate
- it’s thicker and molecularly unique
- signaling platform because membrane proteins aggregate here that are involved in cell signaling (apoptosis, cell prolif etc)
- close proximity of proteins allow for signal transduction between extracllular compartment and cytosol
How do cancer and cholesterol relate?
some cancers have greater conc. of cholesterol which correlates to more lipid rafts
-more lipid rafts mean more release of AKT receptor protein
