Lecture 6 Flashcards
(36 cards)
lysosomes
- receive stuff from endosomes and degrade and digest most bio molecules with an acidic pH
- found in most cells but more so in cells that break down things like macrophages and neutrophils
What’s an Autophagolysosome and what are three of it’s pathways?
autophagolysosome is a secondary lysosome that eats the cells self
There are three types:
macroautophagy- digest whole organelles and extra ER
microautophagy- digest smaller particles/proteins
chaperone-mediated direct transport direct smaller proteins etc for degradation by lysosomes
Heterophagolysosome vs autophagololysosome
heterophagolysome is a secondary molecule digests things brought from the OUTSIDE the cell vs self in auto
What are the fates of things that are subjected to lysosomal action?
1) either diffused out into the cytoplasm
or 2) made into residual bodies that are lysosomes with undigested wastes
what’s the fate of residual bodies?
either: 1) exocytosed
2) waste accumulates and forms lipofuscin (age pigment)
lysosomes are acidophilic or basophilic?
acidophilic, and likes eosin so stains pink
what do lysosomes look like at the extracellular matrix level for
1) primary lysosome
2) secondary lysosomes
1) primary- uniform with electrons uniformly situated
2) heterogeneous
pompe’s disease
lysosomal storage disease that fails to store glucose properly and leads to its accumulation
- due to Enzyme deficiency in alpha 1,4 glucosidase
Tay Sachs disease
- enzyme deficiency (don’t need to know)
-accumulation of GM ganglioside (sphingoLIPIDS)
(sachs gangly)
what’s mannose 6 phosphate used for?
To bind to a packaged protein in the golgi (cis part) and head out to the trans part to be pinched off via clathrin and taken up by an early endosome
What is COP1, Cop2 and clathrin used for?
COP2- packages vesicles to be sent antegrade from ER to Golgi
COP1- packages protein to be sent retrograde back if misfolded
Clathrin- packages protein to be sent either to endosomes or to the plasma membrane
what are SNARES
a snare is a protein that flaggs vesicles in order for them to recognize where to go. there’s a vSNARE (vesicle snare) and a target snare (tsnare)
What usually works with SNARES?
packing proteins like SNARES or Clathrin
what are reasons why you would want retrograde flow of vesicles from the golgi back to the ER
1) misorted vesicle
2) to maintain balance between goldi and ER
3) want to recycle snare proteins
In a neuron, what helps synaptic binding of neurotransmitters? what are two examples of this going wrong?
SNARES.
botulism and cyanide poisoning cause eating away at the SNARES that prevent the neurotansmitter from being released into the synapse and that causes muscle paralysis
what two organelles have a double membrane?
nucleus
mitochondria
what are the two layers of the mitochondria called and what is the name of the space between them. Also, what are the layers of the mitochondria composed of?
inner and outer
inner has porins
outer has cardiolipin
intermembrane space
how are cristae number in the mitochondria, surface area of that cristae and the energy requirements of a cell related?
a cell has high energy requirements if it has a lot of cristae and a large surface area of those cristae
Mitochondrial matrix
space between the cristae which has mtDNA
why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria so much less permeable than the outer?
because it controls the amount of H+ ions coming in that can be used to produce ATP in the electron tx chain
what occurs in the mitochondria
CAC and beta OX (break down of fatty acids) and steroid synthesis with the sER
Most of the proteins in the mitochondria are made by? but some can be made???
free polyribosomes, by mitochondria itself (13)
how do you get proteins into the mitochondria
you use Tom and his two brothers Tim and Tim along with sam
what two kinds of cristae exist in mitochondria?
shelf-like
and
tubular- seem to be involved in steroid synth and are often near lipid cells that they can fuse with and form steroids
