Lecture 2: History Of APA Flashcards
Lecture 2:
What are the 4 Paradigms of the Evolution of Adapted PA?
1.) Facilities-based
2.) Service-based
3.) Supports-based
4.) Empowerment & self-determination
Lecture 2:
What year was the Facility-Based paradigm?
1900-1950
Lecture 2:
How did society deal with/treat people with disabilities during the Facility-Based Paradigm?
- children were sent to institutions & special schools (people didn’t know how to deal with them)
- individuals physically isolated if had physical/mental challenges
- few interventions/PA programs (low expectations & not individualized)
- almost no attention given to physical fitness in lifetime activities
Lecture 2:
During the Facility-Based Paradigm, what happened if children with disabilities attended a community-based school?
- frequently exempted from Physical education
- believed they were unable to benefit from PA & could be harmed by vigorous activity
- no thoughts to adapt or change requirements
Lecture 2:
During the Facility-Based Paradigm, how did programming begin to change?
Began to change from “neglect” to “corrective therapy”
- Medical viewpoint (1920’s) though people were “sick”
- thought disabled needed a “cure”
- disabilities viewed as difficulties/limitations
Lecture 2:
During the Facility-Based Paradigm, what was the Corrective Therapy viewpoint?
Corrective therapy attempted to alleviate physical & orthopedic problems
- ignored intellectual & invisible disabilities as they didn’t think they could “cure” so only physical cured
Lecture 2:
What year was the Service-Based paradigm from?
1950-1980
Lecture 2:
How did society deal with/treat people with disabilities during the Service-Based Paradigm?
Perception of disabilities changed in 1950’s as war veterans changed perspectives of disabled people as they were highly valued prior to the disabling accident
- public became aware of overcrowded institutions
- heightened incidence of spinal cord injuries, amputations, & brain injuries (war mostly)
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, how did research begin to impact adapted PE?
- research began to show the abilities of those with disabilities rather than just their limitations
- physical educators became more aware of meeting needs of students with disabilities (1960’s)
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what services were offered & to who?
Services offered to individuals with movement challenges to integrate/re-integrate into society
- Goal = improve physical, academic, & social skills
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what were sheltered workshops?
Employment facilities for all individuals with disabilities to work
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what was Harte new optimism for individuals with disabilities?
- rehab programs, special classes, resource rooms with special educators, etc became prominent
- PE shifted from “correcting” to providing helpful resources but those with disabilities still separated from average students
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what types of disabilities were accepted by society vs which ones weren’t?
Physical disabilities accepted by society but not mental or cognitive challenges
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what was found of those with disabilities after becoming more involved in society?
Found those with physical disabilities experienced skill improvement from participation
- leading to Paralympic Games (1960) & special olympics (1968)
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what was Adapted Physical Education?
- broader programming focus Han corrective (games, sports, & rhythmics)
- accommodating to more disabilities
- still believed those with disability couldn’t participate successfully in regular PE (adapted PE = whole new program, not included with everyone)
Lecture 2:
What year was the Support-Based paradigm from?
1980 - onwards
Lecture 2:
What was the problem with Service-Based Activity?
Some people with physical & mental challenges were unsuccessfully integrated
Lecture 2:
What did unsuccessful integration during the Service-Based paradigm lead to?
Led to creation of technical, natural, or human supports to assist those with a disability to function in inclusive settings
Lecture 2:
During the Support-Based paradigm, what was the starting point for programming?
Inclusion became the starting point & all individuals were welcomed in community settings no matter their functional differences (didn’t have to meet requirements to join)
Lecture 2:
During the Supprot-Based paradigm, what changes were made to Adapted Physical Education to achieve the goal of inclusion?
- no longer assume that different schools/programming were the best placement
- shifted away from restricting APE to disabilities (cant assume all people with disabilities would require adapted PE)
- opened to possibility of individuals without disability benefiting from adaptations
Lecture 2:
During the Support-Based paradigm, what new term was developed?
Adapted Physical Activity
Lecture 2:
During the Support-Based paradigm, what did Adapted Physical Activity include?
- focussed on creating adaptations & teaching skills to improve self-confidence across lifespan
- all-encompassing umbrella term for education, recreation, leisure, & sport activities
- emphasis on individual differences & interactions
Lecture 2:
What year did the Empowerment & Self-Determination Paradigm go from?
1990 & onwards
Lecture 2:
What was the emphasis on in the Empowerment & Self-Determination paradigm?
Emphasis on striving for self-awareness, self-learning, independent decision making, etc
- self-determined physical activity & giving power over one’s life
