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Structures (ASV) > Lecture 21: Macro- and Micro-Structure of the Lungs > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Macro- and Micro-Structure of the Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

lobes of lungs

A

right upper, middle lower

left upper, lower

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2
Q

fissures of lungs

A

oblique fissures (2) - separate L/R upper/lower lobes

horizontal fissure - RIGHT only; divides R middle lobe

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3
Q

why no left middle lobe of lungs?

A

because need space for the heart

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4
Q

lung lymphatics

A

lymphatic channels, appear as little white lines, unless have carbon pigment within visceral pleural lymphatic channels, then appear black

channel lymph fluid through lungs, towards hilum (root of lung) and to mediastinal lymph nodes (toward midline of body)

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5
Q

pleura

A

single layer of mesothelial cells

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6
Q

visceral layer of pleura

A

layer of connective tissue over surface of lung

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7
Q

parietal layer of pleura

A

layer of connective tissue against thoracic wall

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8
Q

neumothroax/hemothorax

A

when visceral and parietal layers dissociate because of air/blood entry into lungs

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9
Q

does lung feel a puncture from inside?

A

no

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10
Q

if tear parietal pleura, nerve that detects pain/causes action?

A

intercostal and phrenic afferent nerves perceive pain

GSA pain results

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11
Q

if tear visceral pleura, nerve that detects pain/causes action?

A

vagus and sympathetics perceive pain

little/no GVA pain results

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12
Q

what does vagus nerve control innervation for in lungs?

A 
changes in: 
smooth muscle (stretch); muscosa of trachea and bronchi (irritation); C pain fibers in alveoli and bronchi (inflammation); pulmonary veins, cardiac plexus (chemical); aortic arch and wall, pulmonary arteries (pressure)
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13
Q

where does vagus nerve run re: T-E?

A

posterior to hilum of lung; on either side of esophagus and trachea

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14
Q

hilum

A

root of lung, where structures (bronchus, artery, vein) enter/leave

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15
Q

what type of fibers do phrenic nerves carry to diaphragm?

A

GSE fibers

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16
Q

where does phrenic nerve run?

A

anterior to hilum of lung

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17
Q

what kind of blood does pulmonary artery carry?

A

deoxygenated blood

originate from pulmonary trunk, go to lungs from R ventricle of heart

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18
Q

what kind of blood does pulmonary vein carry?

A

oxygenated blood

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19
Q

where does pulmonary trunk bifurcation occur?

A

to left of midline, just inferior to vertebral level TIV/V

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20
Q

what is longer- right or left pulmonary artery?

A

right

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21
Q

order of bronchus/artery/vein at hilum of lung

A

left: are brides vain? - artery, bronchus, vein
right: brides are vein - bronchus, artery, vein

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22
Q

bronchial arteries

A

part of lung’s dual blood supply system

arise from aorta, intercostal arteries, or subclavian arteries

enter lungs at hilum

are nutrient arteries supplying oxygenated blood to tissue

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23
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

follow bronchial tree to form capillaries around alveoli

provide deoxygenated blood to lungs

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24
Q

2 types of arteries that supply blood to lungs

A

bronchial arteries, pulmonary arteries

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25
where bronchial veins drain
pulmonary veins or left atrium, and into azygos vein on R and superior intercostal vein/meiazygos vein on L
26
tracheobroncial tree divisions
``` trachea > intrapulmonary brunchs > main (primary > lobar (secondary) > segmental (tertiary) > bronchioles ```
27
divisions smaller than bronchioles bronchioles
terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus
28
bronchogram
old image of bronchiole tree, taken by having pt ingest metal dust
29
carina
cartilaginous ridge within trachea, runs between the 2 primary bronchi of the trachea where they bifurcate
30
bronchoscopy
image down trachea into 2 main bronchi
31
cell type in trachea
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
32
layers from out > in of the trachea
adventitia, C-shaped rings, trachealis and longitudinal muscles, submucosa, mucosa
33
adventitia
connective tissue on outside of trachea
34
c-shaped rings of trachea
hyaline cartilage that's incomplete dorsally
35
tracheal is and longitudinal
smooth muscles of trachea
36
submucosa
mucous and serous glands of trachea
37
mucosa of trachea
made of epithelium and lamina propria
38
epithelium of trachea
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar & goblet cells (produce mucus)
39
lamina propria of trachea
connective tissue, elastic fibers
40
how many layers of respiratory epithelium in trachea?
1! just appears to be more because pseudo stratified
41
cilia function in trachea
bring fluid from lungs to trachea, so can get rid of bacteria/other particles not desired in the lungs
42
2 other cell types of respiratory epithelium
endocrine (kulchisky) cells- secrete serotonin, regulate airway reflexes; basal cells (not columnar)- will give rise to epithelia
43
orientations of mainstem bronchi
right is more vertical than left; inhaled objects thus tend to lodge in right mainstem bronchus
44
intrapulmonary bronchus
usually next to branch of pulmonary artery, irregular cartilage plates, smooth muscle, goblet cells, ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, transitions to ciliated simple columnar as bronchi get smaller
45
broncho-pulmonary segment
area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and its accompanying pulmonary artery branch smallest functionally independent region of a lung and smallest area of lung that can be isolated/removed without affect adjacent regions secondary/tertiary bronchi travel alongside, and branch in parallel with, pulmonary arteries/arterioles 10 in each lung
46
bronchiole
really thin epithelium so can have gas exchange with alveoli characterized by no cartilage, smooth muscle, very few/no goblet cells, and epithelium transfers from ciliated simple columnar to ciliated simple cuboidal
47
4 F's of sympathetic innervation
fright, flight, fight, fornicate
48
autonomic innervation of bronchial glands
sympathetic: inhibitory - make lumens BIG parasympathetic (vagus): secretomotor
49
autonomic innervation of bronchial smooth muscle
sympathetic: bronchodilation parasympathetic (vagus): bronchoconstriction
50
autonomic innervation of bronchial vasculature
sympathetic: vasoconstriction parasympathetic: vasodialation
51
why is it good to have a large diameter lumen in the bronchi/bronchioles?
no gas exchange
52
autonomic innervation to alveolar vasculature
none! they are capillaries, controlled by locally circulating factors like histamine, not by nervous system
53
sympathetics control in lungs
secretory inhibition, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction
54
parasympathetics control in lungs
secretomotor, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation
55
COPD and asthma
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma may have abnormally high parasympathetic discharge and flow of air through bronchi, and inflammation
56
L/R vagus orientations re: esophagus
left: anterior right: posterior
57
posterior pulmonary plexus
come off of vagus; sit on top of esophagus; eventually provide PARASYMPATHETIC innervation to lungs
58
where does parasympathetic innervation to the lungs come from?
pulmonary plexus
59
where does sympathetic innervation to the lungs come from?
sympathetic chain
60
terminal bronchiole characteristics
biggest of microstructures | surrounded by layer of smooth muscle, no goblet cells, ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium, clara cells
61
clara cells
precursors of bronchiolar epithelial cells detoxify carcinogens, synthesize a surfactant-like protein, secrete alpha-1-antitrypsin which inhibits digestion of elastin have secretory vesicles, no cilia
62
emphysema
caused by elastic tissue breakdown can be caused by breakdown of clara cells
63
what does alveolar wall contain?
elastic tissue (elastin)
64
acinus (pl=acini)
functional subunit of the lung supplied by a single respiratory bronchiole
65
subdivisions from bronchus to alveolus
``` bronchus, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus ```
66
respiratory bronchiole characteristics
simple cuboidal epithelium, wall punctuated by alveoli and smooth muscle; isn't smooth anymore, has potholes in it with lumps of smooth muscle
67
alveolar duct characteristics
wall punctuated by alveolar sacs and alveoli
68
alveolar sac characteristics
terminal part of alveolar duct, alveolar clusters = alveolar sac
69
alveolar capillaries
seen inside of alveolar sac | can fit 1 RBC through
70
cell types in capillary walls / function
function: more surface area for gas exchange cells: type I alveolar cell, capillary endothelial cell
71
blood-air barrier for gas exchange made of
simple squamous epithelium direct exchange from endothelial cell to alveolar cell
72
cell types in alveolar wall cells
endothelial cells, type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes
73
characteristics of endothelial cells in alveolar wall cells
thin, flat | do gas exchange
74
characteristics of type I pneumocyte cells in alveolar wall cells
thin, flat do gas exchange only 40% of alveolar cells cover 90% surface of alveoli
75
characteristics of type II pneumocyte cells in alveolar wall cells
``` thick, protruding, "foamy" no gas exchange 60% alveolar cells replace damaged type I cells secrete surfactant ```
76
what type of cell secretes surfactant?
type II pneumocyte
77
what is alveolar surface area equal to?
tennis court!
78
lamellar bodies
secretory vesicles that produce surfactant in type II pneumocytes produce it in form of tubular myelin weaves look like little jupiters
79
surfactant characteristics
phospholipids, cholesterol, carbs, proteins decreases alveolar surface tension keeps cell surface water layer thin, so increases gas exchange increases stretchability (compliance) prevents alveolar collapse reduces fluid flow from capillaries into airways
80
what does low surfactant levels cause?
respiratory distress syndrome ie in premature babies
81
pore of kohn
alveolar pores allow equalization of pressure between alveoli, facilitate flow between acini when bronchioles are blocked
82
is it good to have surfactant in alveolar pores?
no; blocks communication between alveoli
83
alveolar macrophages
phagocytyze extra surfactant aka "dust cells" because ingest inhaled particulate matter
84
what is rate that lungs can recruit alveolar macrophages?
1 million macrophages/hr!
85
characteristics of smoker's lungs
excess carbon particles (trapped in macrophages) chronic bronchitis (excess mucus from goblet cells) increased pneumonia risk loss of elasticity (emphysema, fibrosis) metaplasia (bronchi epithelium changes to stratified squamous), interstitial disease (thickened alveolar walls) cancer
86
cell type of trachea and mainstem bronchus
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
87
cell type of intrapulmonary bronchus
transitions
88
cell type of broncho-pulmonary segment
ciliated simple columnar
89
cell type of bronchiole
transitions
90
cell type of terminal bronchiole
ciliated simple cuboidal
91
cell type of respiratory bronchiole
simple cuboidal
92
cell type of alveolus
simple squamous

Structures (ASV) (30 decks)

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