Lecture 24

Question 1

explain the need for inflammation in response to infection

Answer 1

it creates swelling, redness, heat and pain this is because harmful things enter the body enter the bloodstream and infect the spot

Question 2

describe the overall inflammatory process

Answer 2

Acute inflammation steps (fast injury resolving)

For example with a splinter

step 1: pathogens surround the splinter as it gets into the skin, pattern recognition and danger signal

step 2: Cytokine (chemical alarm signals) and chemokine production from the macrophage. pathogens reach the macrophage

step 3: recruitment of cells and Phagocytosis, phagocytosis enters the skin membrane from the vein

step 4: macrophage and phagocyte absorb the infection and the pathogens and cytokines and resolution of inflammation happens

immune cells reside in tissue - macrophages

Question 3

identify the cells involved in acute inflammation

Answer 3

Macrophages

• grow up in the bone narrow (with the other immune cells)
• live in blood circulation as Monocytes (type of white blood cells) to fight infections
• they mature into marcophages as they move into tissue
• phagocytose pathogens and destroy them
• activate and recruit other immune cells

Neutrophils

• grow up in the bone narrow
• circulate in the blood
• rapidly produced in bone marrow after infection or injury

Question 4

how do macrophage generate an immune response

Answer 4

production of cytokines these are soluble proteins

Question 5

how do macrophages detect there is inflammation

Answer 5

pathogens

Question 6

How does a macrophage generate an immune response?

Answer 6

production of:
-cytokines

activation of
- local immune cells, anility to destroy pathogens by eating them or killing them

• recruit circulating immune cells (neutrophils)
• • via production of chemokines
• > these are proteins that attract cells.

Question 7

difference between cytokines and chemokines

Answer 7

cytokines

• proteins released by immune cells
• bind to specific cell surface receptors
• can have more than one main job (= pleiotropic)
• activate other cells
• induce generation of more cytokines

Chemokines

• proteins released by immune cells
• bind to specific cell surface receptors
• not pleiotropic
• do not usually induce other chemokines
• mostly act as a chemoattractant for cells

Question 8

how do neutrophils leave the blood and enter the tissue

Answer 8

moving, rolling, attaching and then squeezing trough

Question 9

how does a neutrophil fight a pathogen

Answer 9

phagocytosis (eating them) and degranulation (released toxic chemicals)