Lecture 26 Flashcards
(13 cards)
why can obesity be considered as an inflammatory disease?
increase in obesity correlates with increase in:
- type 2 diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- liver disease
- airway disease
- neurodegeneration
- cancer
what is systemic inflammation
inflammatory cells infiltrate into fat, this occurs at people with obesity.
inflammatory cytokines secreted in high amounts.
- inflammation leads to tissue degeneration and organ dysfunction
What are the inflammatory mediators in metabolic organs of people?
- adipose tissue
- liver
- pancreas
- brain
- muscle
What is the difference between systemic and acute inflammation
4 differences
- inflammatory trigger is metabolic
- not microbial
- not injury
- caused by excess nutrition - mediated by metabolic cells (adipocytes)
- not immune cells (initially) - moderate to low grade
- self sustaining
what is the initiation of metabolic syndrome and inflammation
- nutrients are inflammatory (unhealthy food)
normal physiological response to feeding food isn’t self, generates an immune response - feeding couples nutrients with inflammatory molecules (unhealthy molecules)
eg. trough increase permeability to intestine - nutrients engage PRR pathways
what are the receptors on the macrophages made out of.
- pattern recognition receptors on macrophage
- pathogen associated molecular patterns on pathogen
- molecules on bacteria, not on healthy tissue
what other cells can also express PRRs
- epithelial cells
- adipocytes
and therefore responds to pathogens
How do Macrophages and their receptors detect damage?
- PRR
- Damage associated Molecular patterns ( boken up bits of tissue)
how do you detect damage in obesity?
Cells recognise damage from obesity in effects and induce inflammation
cells recognise excess nutrition as a pathogen and induce inflammation
how does the body maintain inflammation of the systemic inflammation
1 stressed or dying cells (immune cells recruited to fix damage)
2. nutrient composition alters gut microbiota
start to make more fatty acids.
fatty acids activate PRRs
3. bigger adipocytes make more inflammatory cytokines
what does type 2 diabetes cause?
- insuline resistance
- crossover between inflammatory cell signalling and insulin signalling
- exercise alone improves insulin sensitivity in obese people
- anti-inflammatory drugs to treat
what is the effect of diet and microbiome in relationship to obesity
- gut microbiome involved in obesity- dysbiosis
- gut microbiome influenced by diet
- exercise increases microbial diversity in obese people
what is bariatric surgery?
- its a good long-term weight loss (around 15 years)
a surgical procedures that assist in weight loss by making changes to the digestive system
