Lecture 29

Question 1

what stimulates adrenaline (epinephrine) release?

Answer 1

stress (fight or flight) and exercise

Question 2

where is adrenaline released from?

Answer 2

hypothalamus, adrenal medulla

Question 3

what are the target cells and effects of adrenaline?

Answer 3

increased intake of O2 and delivery to blood cells and increased fuel released into the blood to go to the cells.

lungs, heart, bloodvessels, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose (fat)

Question 4

How is adrenaline release stopped?

Answer 4

remove the stress and stop exercising, be calm and relax.

Question 5

what are the differences between the fast and slow hormone responses to stress?

Answer 5

adrenaline ( short term stress response)

• medulla
• starts fast
• lasts seconds to minutes
• water soluble

Cortisol (long- term stress response)

• starts slow
• last hours to days
• lipid soluble

Question 6

what are adrenergic receptors ?

Answer 6

Receptors that are stimulated by Catecholamines

two types ( causes different responses to adrenaline depending on if bound to alpha or beta)

• alpha
• beta

Question 7

what are adrenergic agonists and antagonists?

Answer 7

Adrenergic agonists

• chemicals that stimulate or increase function of adrenergic receptors
• called sympathomimetics because they cause similar effects to catecholamines

adrenergic antagonists
- chemicals that block or inhibit function of adrenergic receptors

Question 8

how can adrenergic agonists and antagonists be medicinal or misused

Answer 8

misuse, chemicals to increase hormonal stimulation during sport events can be seen as performance enhancing drugs.

Question 9

what is the normal range of blood glucose concentration and how is blood glucose homeostasis maintained?

Answer 9

the normal range of blood glucose is 4-6 mmol/L

Glucagon and insulin help balance the glucose by stimulating cells to make glucose or stimulating cells to use glucose.

Question 10

what stimulates glucagon release

Answer 10

release stimulated by low blood glucose

Question 11

what stimulates insulin release

Answer 11

release stimulated by high glucose

Question 12

where is glucagon or insulin released from

Answer 12

pancreas,
alpha cells use glucagon and beta cells use insulin
(alphabet memory trick)

Question 13

target cells of glucagon

Answer 13

liver, stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and make new glucose, to release into the blood

Question 14

target cells of insulin

Answer 14

liver, skeletal muscle, fat.
insuline stimulates glucose intake (uptake) by liver and skeletal muscle cells, to store it as glycogen or by adipose to store it as fat

Question 15

how is glucagon release stopped?

Answer 15

negative feedback control, remove the low glucose stimulus.

Question 16

how is insulin release stopped

Answer 16

negative feedback control, remove the high glucose stimulus