Lecture 24

Question 1

microbiome

Answer 1

community of microorganisms that inhabit a particular environment

Question 2

how is the human microbiome acquired

Answer 2

horrizontally from the enviro. can vary a lot over time

Question 3

why fiber intake is important (vegetables)

Answer 3

microbes metabolize mucus when they dont get enough

Question 4

dietary fiber

Answer 4

derived from plants - indigestible by humans without help from microbes in the gut

Question 5

where is fiber primarily metabolized

Answer 5

large intestine (fermented)

Question 6

waste products of fiber metabolism and benefit

Answer 6

SCFA
- food for epithelial cells
- promote healthy immune system development

Question 7

succession

Answer 7

natural, gradual change in structural composition

Question 8

how is gut microbiome established ?

Answer 8

succession across lifetime

Question 9

effect of birth on gut microbiome

Answer 9

vaginal delivery makes for a greater initial variety of microbes than cesarean section

Question 10

vaginal microbiome

Answer 10

acidic from glycogen excretion and fermentation by microbes

Question 11

gut microbiome

Answer 11

neutral pH

Question 12

stomach microbiome

Answer 12

acidic, pH ~2 (stomach acid HCl)

Question 12

‘poo milkshake’

Answer 12

faecal biome transplants for c-section babies

Question 13

human milk oligosaccharides

Answer 13

indigestible to infants (lack enzymes) - pass through LI intact
3rd most abundant component of human milk

Question 14

b. infantis

Answer 14

‘champion colonizer’ of human guts
supportive of healthy gut
contains all essential enzymes

• sometimes lack of it in c-section babies

Question 15

how do hmos protect infants from pathogens

Answer 15

they bind pathogens and block epithelial cells

Question 16

ecological disturbance

Answer 16

resets community

Question 17

harms of “antimicrobial armory”

Answer 17

can be an indiscriminate killer - kill beneficial microbes

specifically broad-spectrum microbes … can decimate healthy gut microbial community

Question 18

c. diff infection likely …

Answer 18

after antibiotic treatment - “opportunistic niche” - thrives after disturbance

Question 19

narrow-spectrum antibiotic

Answer 19

target specific bacterial groups
(not indiscriminate killers - less disruptive)

Question 20

pre-biotic

Answer 20

promotes growth of healthy gut bacteria

Question 21

fmt

Answer 21

fecal microbiota transplant

Question 22

pro-biotics

Answer 22

contain live microbes (the pills are freeze-dried bacteria)

Question 23

H. pylori

Answer 23

pathogenic bacteria that proved stomach is not sterile

someone drank it to prove point

it swims out of acid to microenviro next to epithelial cells (gastric glands) and colonizes

Question 24

h. pylori potential important evolutionary role

Answer 24

preventing autoimmune disease