Lecture 3 - Tissue Flashcards by Anne McClendon

protein and carbohydrate material that cells produce on and in which they are supported (nonliving material)

Extracellular matrix

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functions of ECM

structural support
protection
filtration
nutrient and GF storage
regulates cell movement and cell-cell interaction

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ECM composed of (2)

ground substance - gel-like

fibers - withstand tensile forces

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three components of ground substance

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - resist compression

proteoglycans - resist compression; facilitate normal cellular locomotion

glycoproteins - helps cells adhere to ECM

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which are the most abundant ECM fibers?

collagen fibers

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what is scurvy

lack of vitamin C causing collagen to not form properly

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what is Ehlers-Danlos

abnormal cross-links resulting in hypermobile joints and hyperextensive skin

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what is Keloid

excessive accumulation of collagen during wound healing

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fibers that provide elasticity to stretch and recoil

elastic fibers

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Marfan syndrome

elastic fibers don’t develop properly

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structural/framework fibers (think mesh)

reticular fibers

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a two-part acellular ECM structure that is between epithelium and adjacent connective tissue

basement membrane

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two parts of basement membrane

basal lamina (outer/near epi) - molecular filter and path for cells

lamina reticularis (inner)

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two types/divisions of epithelium

covering & lining epithelium - sheets of continuous cells

glandular epithelium - epithelial cells modified for secretion

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what does it mean to say epithelial cells have polarity?

they have a specific orientation relative to other cells basal lamina

   - apical surface
   - basolateral surface

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apical surface of cell faces ______

basal surface of cell marks _______

lumen

boundary between epithelium and connective tissue

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classification of covering & lining epithelium:

by number of layers (3)

simple - single layer

stratified - multiple layers; named after superficial layer

pseudostratified - single layer but nuclei are at different levels

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classification of covering & lining epithelium:

by shape of cell (5)

squamous - flat, plate-like

cuboidal - cube-like; similar height and width

columnar - tall; height greater than width

transitional - pillow shaped

pseudostratified - tall but irregular shapes

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simple squamous typically found in (3)

pulmonary alveoli

loop of Henle

Blood and lymph vessels

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simple cuboidal typically found in (2)

ducts of many glands

urinary tubes

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simple columnar found in

digestive tract

stratified squamous found in (3)

mouth

oral pharynx

skin

*can be keratinized (keratin replaces nucleus) or non-keratinized

stratified cuboidal found in

lining ducts of sweat glands

stratified columnar found in (2)

eye

regions of male urethra

pseudostratified columnar found in (3)

male urethra epididymis trachea

replacement cells in epithelium turnover come from

reserve or germinative cell population | - use existing basal lamina for guidance

general structure of glands (aka glandular epithelium)

parenchyma secretory granules stroma

define parenchyma

secretory units + their ducts | part of gland doing the job of product secretion

define stroma

connective tissue that supports parenchyma | supports the job of product secretion

define endocrine gland

ductless, secretes product into blood or lymph

define exocrine gland

has ducts, secretes product onto surface

modes of exocrine secretion (3) and their definitions

holocrine - product accumulates in cytosol, then cell dies and is discharged apocrine - product accumulates in apex of cell, then that part of the cell pinches off merocrine - product is formed in the cell, then discharged by exocytosis

how are glands classified? (3)

mode of secretion nature of secretion (product) number of cells

three types of secretion

mucus - mucin making mucus serous secretion - watery fluid + enzymes mixed - mucous + serous demilunes

example of unicellular glands

goblet cells (single cell with no duct)

types of duct systems in multicellular glands (2)

simple - straight and unbranched compound - branched

multicellular glands consist of (2)

duct system and secretory unit

types of secretory unit in multicellular glands (3)

tubular acinar (like grapes) tubloacinar

three basic types of tissue (think from fetal development)

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

ectoderm forms

nerve and some epithelia

mesoderm forms

all the connective tissue, muscle, and some epithelia

endoderm forms

some epithelia

four functions of connective tissue

structural support exchange of nutrients and wastes protection and host defense storage of fats and minerals

cells in connective tissue (4)

fibroblasts mast cells macrophages adipocytes

four types of connective tissue proper

dense connective tissue loose (areolar) connective tissue reticular tissue adipose tissue

three types of specialized connective tissue

bone blood cartilage

which cell is most abundant in CT?

fibroblast

two types of adipocyte

unilocular (white) multilocular (brown)

round, heavily granulated cell found within CT in many areas primary cell initiating inflammation

mast cell

chemical mediators found in granules of mast cells

primary mediators (preformed; stored) - histamine, heparin secondary mediators (synthesized - leukotrienes, thromboxane, prostaglandins, platelet activating factor

where does mesenchymal tissue exist in the adult

pulp of teeth

roles of brown fat (name 2)

non-shivering thermogenesis plays a role in insulin independent blood glucose regulation