Respiratory

Question 1

unless stated otherwise, all respiratory epithelium is

Answer 1

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 2

two functional divisions of the respiratory system and what they do

Answer 2

conducting portion - filters, warms, humidifies, and conducts air to the area for gas exchange

respiratory portion - area where respiratory gas exchange occurs

Question 3

7 parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Answer 3

Nasal cavity with conchae

paranasal sinuses

nasopharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles- terminal

Question 4

3 parts of respiratory portion of respiratory system

Answer 4

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveoli

Question 5

the vestibule region is the ______ portion of the nasal cavity and it is lined by _______ (short, stiff hairs)

Answer 5

anterior

vibrissae

Question 6

3 layers of vestibule region of nasal cavity

Answer 6

mucosa - stratified squamous
submucosa- loose CT
adventitia - dense irregular

Question 7

region that takes up most of nasal cavity

Answer 7

respiratory region

Question 8

the mucosa of the respiratory region of the contains (epi)

Answer 8

pseudostratified ciliated

and goblet cells

Question 9

region at roof of nasal cavity; contains bipolar neurons

Answer 9

olfactory region

Question 10

where are paranasal sinuses found and what do they do

Answer 10

within bones of face (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid)

make skull lighter, change sound of voice, and warm and humidify the air

Question 11

what’s different about the mucosa of the nasopharynx, and why?

Answer 11

transitions from respiratory to stratified squamous next to larynx

with swallowing, it needs to be ok for some cells to be sloughed off

Question 12

where is the larynx

Answer 12

between pharynx and trachea

Question 13

cells found in respiratory epithelium on interior surface of larynx (2)

Answer 13

goblet cells - secrete mucin

ciliated columnar cells - move mucus

Question 14

where are serous glands in the larynx? what do they secrete?

Answer 14

submucosa

watery-like secretion rich in bactericidal enzymes

Question 15

what can be found in the adventitia of the trachea (2)?

Answer 15

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that open posteriorly

trachealis muscle (longitudinal, along dorsal surface)

Question 16

bronchi decrease in _______ as it divides and increase in ______ (secondary and tertiary)

Answer 16

cartilage and glands

smooth muscle

Question 17

bronchi have a tunica muscularis - why?

Answer 17

to accommodate bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

Question 18

cartilage ring become what in secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Answer 18

plates of cartilage

Question 19

two kinds of club cells found in mucosa of primary bronchioles

Answer 19

columnar cells - secretory product; P450 to degrade inhaled toxins

germinative cells - regenerate epithelium

Question 20

primary bronchioles have smooth muscle but do NOT have (2)

Answer 20

glands or cartilage

Question 21

last segment of conducting portion of respiratory system

Answer 21

terminal bronchioles

Question 22

what tissue are terminal bronchioles composed of

Answer 22

simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia and no goblet cells

Question 23

space in respiratory portion lined by alveoli

Answer 23

alveolar duct

Question 24

gas exchange unit; grouped in lobules/sacs

Answer 24

alveolus

Question 25

cells found lining alveolus (3) along with simple squamous epithelium

Answer 25

type I pneumocyte: gas exchange site type II pneumocyte: produces surfactant; germinative cell alveolar macrophages: phagocytose dust and bacteria

Question 26

area between alveoli

Answer 26

interalveolar septa

Question 27

what's found in the interalveolar septa? (2)

Answer 27

type I pneumocytes ducts for alveolar pore (pore of Kohn)

Question 28

parietal pleura lines ______ visceral pleura lines ______ both are composed of (tissue)

Answer 28

thoracic wall lung simple squamous (mesothelium)

Question 29

made of loose connective tissue bands; extends from pleura to lung hilus

Answer 29

lung interstitium

Question 30

what does lung interstitium do?

Answer 30

subdivides lung parenchyma and surrounds pulmonary lobules carries nerves, vessels, and lymphatics

Question 31

respiratory system starts as outgrowth of _______ in week ___

Answer 31

laryngotracheal groove (at primordial pharynx) 4

Question 32

pouch-like structure that elongates to form respiratory bud and separates from primordial pharynx

Answer 32

laryngotracheal diverticulum

Question 33

at respiratory bud, trachea and esophagus are one and need to be divided. How does this happen?

Answer 33

Tracheoesophageal folds develop. Folds fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum which divides the laryngotracheal tube (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) ventrally from the dorsal oropharynx and esophagus

Question 34

cells from the __ and ___ pharyngeal arches fuse to form __________

Answer 34

4th and 6th laryngeal cartilages

Question 35

laryngeal cartilages grow toward the tongue changing glottis into_____

Answer 35

T-shaped laryngeal inlet

Question 36

recanalization of larynx happens in week___

Answer 36

10

Question 37

what else forms during laryngeal recanalization?

Answer 37

laryngeal ventricles (voice box)

Question 38

which arches from the epiglottis

Answer 38

3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

Question 39

myoblasts from ___ and ___ arches form laryngeal muscles

Answer 39

4th and 6th

Question 40

trachea development: endoderm of laryngotracheal tube gives rise to ______ splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to ________

Answer 40

epithelium cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of the trachea

Question 41

respiratory bud divides into 2 outpouchings called _____

Answer 41

primary bronchial buds

Question 42

at 7 weeks, segmental bronchi have developed with surrounding tissue to form the _____ at 24 weeks, ________ have developed

Answer 42

bronchopulmonary segment respiratory bronchioles

Question 43

lung maturation: _________ (5 to 17 weeks) _________ (16-25 weeks) _________ (24 weeks to late fetal period) _________ (late fetal period to 8 years)

Answer 43

pseudoglandular period canalicular period terminal saccular period alveolar period

Question 44

which period of lung maturation: lungs resemble exocrine gland and have no gas exchange function; fetuses not able to survive

Answer 44

pseudoglandular (5 to 17 weeks)

Question 45

which period of lung maturation: lung tissue is highly vascular, respiration bronchioles have developed to allow for gas exchange at END of this period; fetus may survive at end

Answer 45

canalicular period (16-25 weeks)

Question 46

which period of lung maturation: blood-air barrier established allowing for adequate gas exchange; type 1 and type 2 cells have formed; fetus likely to survive

Answer 46

terminal saccular period (24 weeks to late fetal)

Question 47

which period of lung maturation: 95% of alveoli develop postnatally by continued growth size and adding respiratory bronchioles

Answer 47

alveolar period (late fetal to 8 years)

Question 48

what are the lungs like at birth? (think fluid) How are they aerated?

Answer 48

half filled with fluid from amniotic fluid, lungs, and tracheal glands fluid is replaced by air via mouth and nose during delivery, pulmonary capillaries, arteries and veins, and lymphatics

Question 49

respiratory anomaly: abnormal passage between trachea and esophagus

Answer 49

tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

Question 50

respiratory anomaly: insufficient amount of amniotic fluid leading to insufficient lung development

Answer 50

oligohydramnios

Question 51

respiratory anomaly: infants have rapid, labored breathing due to surfactant deficiency

Answer 51

respiratory distress syndrome