Nervous System Histology

Question 1

somatic NS is made of

Answer 1

skeletal muscle

Question 2

autonomic NS is made of

Answer 2

smooth muscle, heart, and glands

- sympathetic NS
- parasympathetic NS

Question 3

What are Nissl bodies?

Answer 3

stacked RER making neurotransmitter

Question 4

4 parts of neuron

Answer 4

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axons
axon terminals

Question 5

receive stimuli and have spines located on surfaces that regress with age and poor nutrition

Answer 5

dendrites

Question 6

conduct impulses

Answer 6

axons

Question 7

anterograde transport is _________

retrograde transport is _________

Answer 7

from cell body to axon terminal

from axon terminal to cell body

Question 8

where synapse happens

Answer 8

axon terminal

Question 9

nerve cell body inclusions (3)

Answer 9

melanin
lipofuscin
lipid droplets

Question 10

affects of age on lipofuscin

Answer 10

increases with age

Question 11

3 functional types of neurons

Answer 11

sensory (afferent)
- info from nerves TO CNS

motor (efferent)
- infro FROM CNS to nerves

interneurons
- interconnectors between neurons

Question 12

3 structural types of neurons

Answer 12

bipolar

- one dendrite, one axon
- ear and eye

unipolar
- DRG, cranial nerves

multipolar

 - mainly motor neurons
 - typically have one axon

Question 13

what do neuroglia do?

what do neuroglia NOT do?

Answer 13

support (physical, metabolic, regulatory) neurons

propagate action potentials

Question 14

Cells that can respond to CNS injury and can form scar tissue, are part of the BBB, and have pedicels that connect to vessels

Answer 14

astrocytes

Question 15

describe fibrous astrocytes

Answer 15

cells processes are long and unbranched near pia mater

Question 16

Layers of the BBB (from capillary lumen)

Answer 16

endothelium with tight junctions and molecular transport

basement membrane

astrocytes

Question 17

cells that provide myelin sheath around axons of the CNS
aligned in rows along axons in WHITE MATTER
Can wrap around MULTIPLE AXONS

Answer 17

oligodendrocytes

Question 18

CNS phagocytes

Answer 18

microglia

Question 19

cells that line ventricles and spinal canal and help produce CSF

Answer 19

ependymal cells

Question 20

vessels pass through which layer of the meninges

Answer 20

arachnoid

Question 21

what is in gray matter

Answer 21

neuron cell bodies organized into groups:

 - layers in cortices
 - nuclei in medulla and brain stem
 - ventral and dorsal horns in SC

Question 22

what is white matter

Answer 22

myelinated tracts of axons

Question 23

if the cerebrum is arranged in gyri and sulci, then the cerebellum is arranged in ______

Answer 23

folia

Question 24

3 layers of neurons in the cerebellum

Answer 24

molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granular layer

Question 25

what makes up the brain stem? (3)

Answer 25

diencephalon mesencephalon medulla oblongata

Question 26

what happens in ventricular system?

Answer 26

CSF generation and circulation

Question 27

how many ventricles are there, and where?

Answer 27

2 lateral in cerebral hemispheres 3rd in mesencephalon 4th in medulla oblongata

Question 28

ependymal cells organize into _______ which produce ______

Answer 28

choroid plexuses CSF

Question 29

what happens in dorsal and ventral horns of SC

Answer 29

dorsal - sensory input ventral - motor output

Question 30

cells that form myelin sheaths in PNS | 1 cell can myelinate 1 axon

Answer 30

Schwann cells

Question 31

gaps between myelin sheath

Answer 31

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 32

General structure of peripheral nerve

Answer 32

bundle of axons surrounded by Schwann cells and connective tissue sheaths

Question 33

levels of connective tissue sheath in a nerve

Answer 33

epineurium - around entire nerve perineurium - around a bundle of axons (fascicle) endoneurium - around each axon

Question 34

motor axons to skeletal muscle --> motor end plate

Answer 34

somatic efferent axons

Question 35

motor axons to organs

Answer 35

visceral efferent (involve 2 neurons - pre- and post-ganglionic)

Question 36

where are cell bodies of sensory nerves?

Answer 36

in sensory ganglia outside CNS

Question 37

where can you find sensory peripheral ganglia?

Answer 37

dorsal root ganglia ganglia for CN V, VII, IX, X

Question 38

where can you find sensory autonomic ganglia?

Answer 38

paravertebral chain of ganglia adjacent to abd aorta, adrenal gland head

Question 39

scattered and small clusters of neurons in intestinal wall

Answer 39

myenteric and submucosal plexuses

Question 40

in PNS nerve regeneration, what happens: at site of the damage distal to site of damage proximal to site of damage

Answer 40

at site --> severed ends of axons retract away from each other distal --> Waller-ian degeneration - distal portion of axon disintegrates proximal --> prox axon degenerates and regrows new axon

Question 41

four types of synapses

Answer 41

axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonic dendrodendritic

Question 42

what is the terminal bouton

Answer 42

axon terminal end

Question 43

three types of neurotransmitter

Answer 43

small-molecule transmitters neuropeptides gases

Question 44

small-molecule transmitters

Answer 44

Ach, GABA, catecholamines

Question 45

neuropeptides

Answer 45

endorphins, ADH, oxytocin

Question 46

Gases

Answer 46

nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 47

Ach is excitatory at ____ and inhibitory at _______

Answer 47

neuro-muscular junction heart

Question 48

excessive amount of CSF in ventricles due to increased production, decreased absorption, etc.

Answer 48

hydrocephalus

Question 49

progressive demyelination of the CNS due to autoimmune disease

Answer 49

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 50

Rapid demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor nerves

Answer 50

Guillain-Barre

Question 51

loss of cells that produce GABA, leading to spastic movements (hereditary)

Answer 51

Huntington's Chorea

Question 52

loss of dopamine in brain leading to slow movement and resting tremor

Answer 52

Parkinson's disease

Question 53

slow growing tumors of the meninges

Answer 53

meningiomas

Question 54

inflammation of the meninges resulting from infection of CSF

Answer 54

meningitis