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2181 O.B > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you define stress?

A

a psychological response to demands where there is something at stake and where coping with the demands taxes or exceeds a person’s capacity or resources

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2
Q

what are stressors?

A

demands that trigger the stress response

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3
Q

what are strains?

A

negative consequences of the stress response

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4
Q

what is positive stress?

A

some stressful activities (ex; aerobic exercise) can enhance our ability to manage stress

stress can provide a needed energy boost for meeting situational requirements

stress can provide performance benefits

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5
Q

what does negative stress result from?

A

negative stress results from:
1. a prolonged activation of the stress response
2. mismanagement of the energy induced by the stress response
3. unique personal vulnerabilities

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6
Q

what are some challenge stressors in work situation?

A

time pressure
work complexity
work responsibility

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7
Q

what are some hindrance stressors in work situations?

A

role conflict
role ambiguity
role overload
daily hassles

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8
Q

what is role conflict?

A

stressor that occurs when there is competition across multiple roles that are incompatible with one another

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9
Q

what is role ambiguity?

A

a situation where one is uncertain about the expectations associated with a particular role due to a lack of clear or communicated information

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10
Q

what is role overload?

A

happens when someone has too many responsibilities or demands for their role

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11
Q

what are daily hassles?

A

things that get in the way of accomplishing the job

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12
Q

what are some challenge stressors for non-work situations?

A

family time demands
personal development
positive life events

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13
Q

what are some hindrance stressors for non-work situations?

A

work-family conflict
financial uncertainty
negative life events

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14
Q

what is the transactional theory of stress?

A

A theory that explains how stressful demands are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to the perceptions of appraisals

stressor
–primary appraisal (is the event stressful?)
=
perceived stress
- secondary appraisal (can i cope?)
=
strain

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of strain?

A

physiological strain = increased BP, tension headaches, stomach aches

psychological strain = depression, anxiety, anger

behavioural strain = grinding teeth, excessive smoking, compulsive eating

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16
Q

people differ in their ability to cope with stressors, largely as a function of _______

A

social support
(instrumental and emotional support)

and

individual differences
(type A behaviour pattern)

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17
Q

what is social support?

A

help that people receive from others when confronted with stressful demands

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18
Q

what is instrumental support?

A

help that people receive from others that can be used to address a stressful demand directly

ex; give study notes

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19
Q

what is emotional support?

A

empathy and understanding received from others that can be used to alleviate emotional distress

ex; “you’ve got this”

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20
Q

what is the type A behaviour pattern?

A

A type of behaviour exhibited by people who tend to experience more stressors, appraise more demands as stressful, and are prone to experiencing more strains than others.

characterized by:
time urgency
impatience
competitiveness
aggressiveness
hostility

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21
Q

_______ stressors have a weak negative relationship with job performance

A

hindrance stressors

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22
Q

hindrance stressors have a ______ negative relationship with organizational commitment

A

strong negative

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23
Q

_______ stressors have a weak positive relationship with job performance

A

challenge stressors

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24
Q

challenge stressors have a moderate _______ relationship with organizational commitment

A

moderate positive

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25
ted talk note*
long story short: believing stress is bad for you increased your death rate (those that perceived stress as a good thing–who had stressful jobs–lived longer) also; oxytocin (stress related hormone) also acts as joy or something also; caring creates resilience (no increased death rate when caring for others)
26
how do you define coping?
behaviours and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands
27
what are the 2 ways in which people can cope with stress?
1. problem-focused coping - emphasizes managing the stressor (engaging the stressful event in some way that makes it less stressful) 2. emotion-focused coping - emphasizes managing your response
28
what is preventive stress management?
An organizational philosophy that proposes that people and organizations should take joint responsibility for promoting health and preventing distress and strain.
29
what are the 3 levels of stress prevention?
primary prevention: directed at reducing stressors (reduce demands, increase control) secondary prevention: directed at responses to stress (encourage more constructive appraisal) tertiary prevention: directed at symptoms of distress (debriefing, time off)
30
how is motivation defined?
A set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence. Motivation is a psychological process involving internal and external forces: person (internal drivers) MULTIPLIED BY environment (situational factors) performance = ability X motivation
31
what is expectancy theory?
Motivation is greatest when a person believes s(he) has the ability to do something that has a high probability of leading to a desirable outcome.
32
expectancy theory and motivation are fostered when the employee believes what three things?
1. Expectancy: That effort will result in performance (0-1) (E –> P) 2. Instrumentality: That performance will result in outcomes (rewards) (0-1) (P –> O) 3. Valence: That those outcomes will be valuable (positive vs. negative valence)
33
what is self-efficacy?
a person’s belief that he/she has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviours required for success in a particular task. (in the expectancy part of motivation) first consider past accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, then emotional cues
34
what is extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation: desire to put forth effort due to some contingency that depends on task performance. (cutting the grass so your wife stops nagging) Intrinsic motivation: desire to put forth effort due to the sense that task performance serves as its own reward. (playing soccer because you enjoy the sport) (in the valence part of motivation)
35
what are needs? (just note honestly)
Needs = clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences outcomes are generally more attractive when they help satisfy needs
36
what does motivational force =?
Motivational Force = Expectancy x (∑ instrumentalities x valences)
37
what is the multiplicative effect?
Motivation is zero if any of expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero
38
what is the goal-setting theory?
The reason why some people outperform others is because they hold different performance goals. A theory that views goals as the primary drivers of intensity and persistence of effort. Goal = objective or aim of an action goal setting: Process of establishing desired results that guide and direct behaviour
39
what are specific goals and difficult goals?
Assigning specific and difficult goals will result in high levels of performance specific goals: give people a "measuring stick" or a number to shoot for difficult goals: push people to work their hardest and longest
40
what does SMART stand for for setting goals?
Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time based
41
what is the equity theory?
Motivation is not just about oneself; it also depends on what happens to other people People draw mental comparisons of the outcomes they receive for their work relative to the outcomes others receive for their work comparison other: Another person who provides a frame of reference for judging equity equity distress: An internal tension that results from being overrewarded or underrewarded relative to some comparison other
42
what are inputs and outcomes in the equity theory?
Theory suggests that employees develop perceptions of the outcomes they receive for their job inputs, relative to some comparison other Inputs include effort, education, experience, training, seniority, among others Outcomes include pay, intrinsic rewards, satisfying supervision, workplace perks, among others People usually want their ratio of inputs and outcomes to be similar to others
43
what is norm of equity?
Norm of equity: people receive outcomes that are similar to others who have put in the same effort (in equity theory)
44
what is inequity?
Inequity: The situation in which a person perceives they are receiving less than they are giving, or is giving less than they are receiving
45
what are the 4 things associated with empowerment?
meaningfulness: Value of a work goal or purpose relative to a person’s own ideals and passions self-determination: Sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks (strong driver of intrinsic motivation) competence: Capability to perform work tasks successfully (self-efficacy) impact: Sense that a person’s actions “make a difference” toward an important purpose
46
what are individual-focused compensation systems?
Piece-rate pay: specified rate for each unit produced or service provided Merit pay: increase to base salary according to performance evaluation ratings Lump-sum bonuses: bonus received for meeting individual goals, but with no change to base salary. Recognition awards: impromptu tangible awards (gift cards, time off, trips) or intangible awards (praise) to recognize achievement
47
what are unit-focused compensation systems?
Gain-sharing: employees and managers work together to develop strategies for increasing performance by reducing costs (e.g., labour, materials). Financial gains are shared with employees.
48
what are organization-focused compensation systems?
Profit sharing: bonus received when publicly reported earnings of a company exceed some minimum level, with the magnitude of the bonus contingent on the magnitude of profits.
49
what are hindrance stressors?
Stressors that tend to be appraised as thwarting progress toward growth and achievement triggers anxiety and anger
50
what is behavioural coping vs cognitive coping?
behavioural: Physical activities used to deal with a stressful situation cognitive: Thoughts used to deal with a stressful situation
51
what 4 things does physiological strain cause?
stressors can reduce the effectiveness of the body's immune system stressors can harm the body's cardiovascular system stressors can cause problems in the body's musculoskeletal system stressors cause gastrointestinal system problems
52
what is burnout?
The emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion from coping with stressful demands on a continuing basis
53
what are three factors that differ the way people react to stress?
whether they exhibit type A behaviour pattern the way people recover (reading-better vs. chores) recovery: An individual factor that refers to the degree to which energies used for coping with work demands are replenished from a period of rest or relief from work degree of social support received (instrumental vs emotional support)
54
note*
the reductions in productivity that result from presenteeism are even larger than reductions in productivity that result from absenteeism
55
what is stress audit?
An assessment of the sources of stress in the workplace
56
what is 'employee sabbaticals'?
time off from work to engage in an alternative activity
57
what resources can organizations provide to reduce stress?
training interventions (Practices that increase employees’ competencies and skills) supportive practices (Ways in which organizations help employees manage and balance their demands)
58
How can organizations reduce strain?
relaxation techniques (Calming activities to reduce stress) cognitive-behavioural techniques (Various practices that help workers cope with life’s stressors in a rational manner) health and wellness programs (Employee assistance programs that help workers with personal problems such as alcoholism and other addictions)
59
What is the term for the phenomenon in which workers are on the job but are not fully functioning due to illness or other medical conditions?
presenteeism
60
what is meant by "meaning of money"?
The idea that money can have symbolic value (e.g., achievement, respect, freedom) in addition to economic value
61
what are self-set goals?
The internalized goals that people use to monitor their own progress
62
note*
instrumentality and equity are more achievable with gain-sharing, because the relevant unit is smaller and the relevant outcomes are more controllable. still, the highest instrumentality and equity levels will typically be achieved through individual-focused compensation elements, such as piece-rate plans or merit pay plan

2181 O.B (10 decks)

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