lecture 3

Question 1

what is personality?

Answer 1

structures and propensities inside people that explain their patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour

“what people are like”

a collection of multiple traits

Question 2

what are traits?

Answer 2

recurring regularities or trends in people’s responses to their environment

Question 3

what are the big 5 ocean personalities?

Answer 3

openness to experience
-curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated

conscientiousness
- dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, persevering

extraversion
- talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant

agreeableness
- kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, warm

neuroticism
- nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, unstable

Question 4

________ and ______________ are related to task performance across most jobs.

Answer 4

Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability are related to task performance across most jobs.

Question 5

_______ is related to task performance in sales and management positions.

Answer 5

Extraversion is related to task performance in sales and management positions.

Question 6

_______ and ______ to experience are related to performance in customer service.

Answer 6

Agreeableness and openness to experience are related to performance in customer service.

Question 7

what is situational strength?

Answer 7

degree to which situations have clear behavioural expectations that make differences between individuals less important

Question 8

what is trait activation?

Answer 8

degree to which situations provide cues that trigger the expression of a given personality trait

ex; crying can trigger expression of empathy

Question 9

what is meant by “culture”?

Answer 9

shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations

Question 10

what 5 dimensions did Hofstede’s study identify where work-related values differed across cultures?

Answer 10

1. power distance
2. uncertainty avoidance
3. masculinity/ femininity
4. individualism/ collectivism
5. later added long-term/ short-term orientation

Question 11

what is power distance (PDI)? what about high and low PDI?

Answer 11

Power distance (PDI): Degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power

High PDI: Inequality is accepted (managers and employees see each other as fundamentally different types of people)

Low PDI: Inequality is minimized (managers and employees seen as equal)

Question 12

what is high vs low uncertainty avoidance (UA)?

Answer 12

High UA: Concerned with security, dislike ambiguity and conflict, seek stability

Low UA: Tolerate ambiguity better, more risk-taking, see conflict as constructive

Question 13

what is masculinity vs femininity?

Answer 13

Masculine: Value assertiveness, performance, and materialism

Feminine: Emphasize relationships and concern for others

Question 14

what is individualism vs collectivism?

Answer 14

Individualism: People belong to loose social frameworks; primary concern is for selves and families

Collectivism: People belong to tightly knit social frameworks; depend strongly on large extended families

Question 15

what is long vs short-term time orientation?

Answer 15

Long-term: Values are oriented toward the future (e.g., persistence, thrift)

Short-term: Values are oriented toward the past (e.g., respect for tradition) and present (e.g., meeting social obligations)

Question 16

where does canada fall along the lines of the ‘5 dimensions’?
on exam*

Answer 16

individualistic
low power distance
low uncertainty avoidance
masculine
short-term oriented

Question 17

what is ability and the 3 categories?

Answer 17

Relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different, but related, activities.

3 categories:
1. cognitive abilities
2. emotional abilities
3. physical abilities

Question 18

what is cognitive ability?

Answer 18

the use of knowledge to make decisions and solve problems
(best predictor of task performance)

Question 19

what are the types of cognitive abilities?

Answer 19

Very Quickly Robots Solve Puzzles

verbal: oral and written comprehension and expression
(psychologists/ business executives)

quantitative: number facility and math reasoning
(statisticians/ financial managers)

reasoning: problem sensitivity, deduction (general to specific)/ induction (specific to general), and originality
(surgeon/ judge)

spatial: spatial orientation and visualization
(pilots/ designers)

perception: speed and flexibility of closure, perceptual speed
(firefighters/ pilots)

Question 20

what is emotional intelligence?

Answer 20

a set of abilities related to the understanding and use of emotions that affect social functioning
-known as EQ or EI

Question 21

what are the types of emotional intelligence?

Answer 21

self-awareness
(appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself)

other awareness
(recognize and understand others’ emotions)

emotion regulation
(recover quickly from emotional experiences)

use of emotion
(degree of harnessing emotions and employ them to improve chances of being successful)

Question 22

how can you develop a higher/ better awareness?

Answer 22

use the 5 “whys”

(ask the question why 5 times to find root cause of problem)

Question 23

what is physical ability?

Answer 23

a set of abilities related to strength, stamina, flexibility, coordination, and other related abilities

Question 24

what are the types of physical ability?

Answer 24

strength
(bodies capability of exerting force)
(farm worker/ firefighter)

stamina
(ability of lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently when in PA)
(athletes/ dancer)

flexibility
(ability to bend, stretch, etc)
and
coordination
(quality of physical movement + balance)
(athletes/ firefighter)

psychomotor ability
(capacity to manipulate and control objects)
(potters/ jewellers/ construction driller)

sensory ability
(capabilities associated with vision and hearing)
(truck driver/ musician)

Question 25

what is the personality-oriented job analysis rationale?

Answer 25

Personality can play a strong role in daily organizational life Measures of personality are mainstream and have many good psychometric properties Measures of personality often predict job performance (its another way to obtain info about KSAOs- mostly the O)

Question 26

what is the personality-related position requirements form (PPRF)?

Answer 26

asks questions about the relatedness of the big 5 personality factors to a job

Question 27

what is an attitude?

Answer 27

an evaluation of some target (+ or – or neutral) comprised of 3 components and are an important predictor of behaviour

Question 28

what are the 3 components of attitudes?

Answer 28

affect "i like my job" (how you feel about the target) behaviour "ill go above and beyond" (what they do or intend to do as a result of feelings and beliefs) cognition "i have a good job" (what they think about the target; perceptions and beliefs)

Question 29

what is job satisfaction?

Answer 29

a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience the extent to which people enjoy their job

Question 30

what is the value-percept theory?

Answer 30

employees are satisfied when their jobs provide the things they VALUE different employees may value different things dissatisfaction = (Vwant –Vhave) X (Vimportance) ex; (pay want – pay have) X (pay importance) = pay satisfaction or (supervision want – supervision have) X (supervision importance) = supervision satisfaction add these all up = overall job satisfaction

Question 31

what is the job characteristics theory?

Answer 31

jobs are more intrinsically enjoyable when work tasks are challenging and fulfilling 5 "core job characteristics" combine to make some jobs more rewarding than others

Question 32

what are the 5 core job characteristics?

Answer 32

Very Intelligent Students Ace Finals variety (degree of different activities and skills required) identity (degree of completing a whole- start to finish task) significance (degree of impact the job has on society) autonomy (degree of freedom and discretion at work) feedback (degree of info on how they are doing)

Question 33

Job satisfaction is determined largely by_________, not only characteristics of one’s job.

Answer 33

Job satisfaction is determined largely by personality, not only characteristics of one’s job.

Question 34

how are 'moods' defined?

Answer 34

states of feeling that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are not explicitly directed at or caused by anything Pleasantness: good vs. bad mood Activation: aroused/active vs. unaroused/inactive

Question 35

how are 'emotions' defined?

Answer 35

intense feelings, often lasting for a short duration, that are clearly directed at someone or some circumstance positive: joy, pride, relief, love, compassion negative: anger, anxiety, fear, guilt, shame, disgust (feeling vs showing ... emotional labor and emotional contagion)

Question 36

what is emotional contagion?

Answer 36

the dynamic process by which emotions are transferred from one to another through nonverbal channels

Question 37

what is emotional labour?

Answer 37

The management of their emotions that employees must do to complete their job duties successfullyx

Question 38

what is the affective events theory?

Answer 38

specific events trigger discrete emotions during the course of the work day

Question 39

what does the job descriptive index measure? (5)

Answer 39

(measure of job satisfaction that assesses an individual's satisfaction with;) 1. the work itself 2. the pay 3. promotional opportunities 4. supervision 5. co-workers in text not lecture: 6. altruism (helping others) 7. status (fame/ power) 8. environment

Question 40

what are cultural values? what is culture?

Answer 40

cultural value: shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture culture: shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations

Question 41

_______ employees prioritize accomplish striving

Answer 41

conscientious reflects a strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality

Question 42

_______ people prioritize communion striving

Answer 42

agreeable which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality

Question 43

_______ people prioritize status striving

Answer 43

extroverted which reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality

Question 44

what is positive and negative affectivity?

Answer 44

positive affectivity: tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement and elation (extroverted employees) negative affectivity: tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance (neuroticism)

Question 45

note*

Answer 45

openness to experience (of the big 5) is also called; inquisitiveness intellectualness culture

Question 46

what are the 3 "critical psychological states" that make work satisfying?

Answer 46

1. believing in the meaningfulness of work– degree to which work tasks are viewed as something that counts in the employee's system of philosophies and beliefs 2. perceiving responsibility for outcomes– degree to which employees feel they are key drivers of the quality of work outputs 3. knowledge of results– extent to which employees are aware of how well or how poorly they are doing

Question 47

what is knowledge and skill, and growth need strength in extension to the 5 core characteristics for job satisfaction?

Answer 47

knowledge and skill: the degree to which employees have the aptitude and competence needed to succeed on their job growth need strength: The degree to which employees desire to develop themselves further

Question 48

what is job enrichment?

Answer 48

When job duties and responsibilities are expanded to provide increased levels of core job characteristics

Question 49

what is job crafting?

Answer 49

When employees shape, mould, and redefine their job in a proactive way

Question 50

what is "flow"?

Answer 50

a state that can result from high challenge and high skill combination which employees feel a total immersion in the task at hand, sometimes losing track of how much time has passed

Question 51

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 51

A propensity to view one’s own cultural values as “right” and those of other cultures as “wrong”

Question 52

According to the principle of Blank______, personality traits are expressed in work behaviours in response to certain cues from the environment

Answer 52

trait activation

Question 53

note- Which of the following explain why conscientious employees are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviours? There may be more than one correct answer

Answer 53

These employees have more energy to devote to citizenship behaviours. These employees are more available to offer "extra mile" contributions. These employees have higher levels of job satisfaction.

Question 54

what is differential exposure?

Answer 54

Differential exposure refers to how persons react to stress, not to how certain situations bring out a common trait in people

Question 55

A high level of ______ directly contributes to the psychological state known as responsibility for outcomes, according to the job characteristics theory

Answer 55

autonomy

Question 56

States of feeling that are relatively mild and long term and that are not directed at or caused by anything in particular are referred to as:

Answer 56

moods