lecture 7 (part 2) Flashcards
(39 cards)
what is communication?
= creating shared meaning
“the process by which information and meaning is transferred from a sender to a receiver”
note*
“the single biggest problem with communication is the illusion that it has taken place” - George Bernard Shaw
note*
review lecture 7 slide 75-81
quick understanding
what are sources of interference (barriers to communication)
- communicator competence
- noise
- information richness
- gender differences
- privacy
- physical separation
- status differences
- cultural diversity (power distance/ comfort with vulnerability)
- language
what is communicator competence?
the ability of communicators to encode and interpret messages
what is noise?
disturbing or distracting stimuli that block or interfere with the transmission of a message
what is information richness?
the amount and depth of the information transmitted in a message
what are gender differences?
men tend to use a style of communication that helps them achieve and maintain status, power, and independence
women tend to send messages, and use a style that builds and strengthens their relationships
what is privacy?
a state in which individuals can express themselves freely without being observed, recorded, or disturbed by other, unauthorized individuals/ groups
what is verbal communication?
oral and written
a form of communication in which messages are sent and received using written and spoken language
what is nonverbal communication?
any form of information exchange that doesn’t involve spoken or written words
70-90% of a message’s meaning is conveyed, not by words, but rather by body language
what are 4 types of nonverbal communication?
facial and eye behaviour: movements that add cues to the receiver
paralanguage: variations in speech, such as pitch, loudness, tempo, tone, duration, laughing, and crying
proxemics: an individual’s perception and use of space
kinesics: study of body movement and posture
note*
review lecture 7 slide 96
(seating dynamics)
what are 4 communication skills?
- expressiveness: better managers express their thoughts, ideas, and feelings - tend to speak more in meetings
- empathy and sensitivity: better managers consider the feelings of their employees -tend to recognize the concerns underneath ideas and issues
- persuasion: better managers use persuasive communication rather than directing or commanding
- informativeness: better managers keep their employees informed
what are some advantages of reflective listening?
helps the listener understand the communicator’s meaning
allows the communicator to correct misunderstandings
helps break down interpersonal barriers
(common misconception: reflective listening involves leading the communicator)
what is affirming contact?
lets the communicator know that the receiver is listening
- not necessarily expressing agreement
- ex; “i see”, “yes i understand”
what is paraphrasing?
ensures that the communicator’s meaning is properly understood
- ex; so, it seems like you’re saying…”
what is clarifying implicit thoughts and feelings?
ensures that the receiver truly understands the communicator’s feelings
- ex; you seem to be frustrated by this…” or “am i right that you seem a little uncertain?”
what is reflecting “core” feelings?
sometimes we talk about a more “surfacy” problem than we really need help with
- ex; “i may be overreacting, but is it possible this really has to do with…”
what is silence? (in terms of reflective listening)
can notify communicator that the receiver is really considering what he/she has to say
- can be useful for sorting out thoughts and feelings
- ex; “hmm, i need to consider that a moment”
what is eye contact? (in terms of reflective listening)
use moderation, too much can be intimidating or make the communicator/ receiver feel that they lack control
bonus active listening techniques note*
- Giving Recognition (I remember talking about that before.)
- Offering Self (I’m available to talk tomorrow, if you like.)
- Giving Broad Openings (Is there something you’d like to talk about?)
- Offering General Leads (Tell me about that.)
- Placing the Event in Time or Sequence (Was this before or after…?)
- Making Observations (Talking about that seems to make you uneasy.)
- Encouraging Descriptions of Perceptions (What do you think that meant?)
- Encouraging Comparison (Have you ever had a similar experience?)
- Focusing (This point seems worth looking into.)
- Exploring (Will you describe that more fully?)
- Giving Information (My purpose in asking is…)
- Seeking Clarification (I’m sorry, I’m not sure I follow.)
what is computer-mediated communication (CMC)?
refers to the exchange of information and meaning using any electronic, digital medium
has enhanced the flow of communication in workplaces, and is increasingly used to connect and coordinate organizational activities
what are some advantages of CMC?
Instant exchange of information across geographic boundaries and time zones
Schedules and office hours less relevant
Equalizes participation (i.e., less influence from dominant people)
