Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the three parts of speech production?

Answer 1

Speech

Language

Cognition

Question 2

What two things does speech make up?

Answer 2

phonetics and movements

Question 3

What four things make up language?

Answer 3

Phonology

Semantics

Syntax

Morphology

Question 4

What is cognition?

Answer 4

Some kind of internal representation of concepts, ideas, or experiences

Question 5

What three things are necessary to achieve effective communication?

Answer 5

Speech

Language

Cognition

Question 6

What is the neurological process of getting sound?

6

Answer 6

1. Nerve impulses
2. Muscle Contractions
3. Movements
4. Vocal cavity shapes
5. Air pressure changes
6. Sound

Question 7

What is the first step in making sound?

Answer 7

You have a message that you want to present. At this point, nerve impulses move the muscle

Question 8

What is the second step in making sound?

Answer 8

The muscle begin to contract. This muscle contraction are what causes the parts of the speech system to move

Question 9

What is the third step in making sound?

Answer 9

These movements create the shapes in the vocal tract to produce the sounds that we want to make.

Question 10

What is the fourth step in making sound?

Answer 10

Then there are air pressure changes throughout the vocal tract during this process.

Question 11

What is the fifth step in making sound?

Answer 11

The tempered air exists the lips and this is when physical sound waves come out.

Question 12

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 12

Brain/spinal cord

Question 13

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Answer 13

everything else

Question 14

What is the purpose of efferent neurons?

Answer 14

Nerve impulses from CNS to periphery (motor functions)

Question 15

What is the purpose of afferent neurons?

Answer 15

Nerve impulses from periphery to CNS (sensory functions)

Question 16

Where in the brain does language and speech appear to emerge?

Answer 16

The left cerebral hemisphere

Question 17

Do both hemispheres and subcortical structures work during speech and language?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

It is critically important to know that _______ hemispheres are involved in language production.

Answer 18

both

Question 19

What is the most important thing for speech?

Answer 19

Air

Question 20

What does airflow force to happen?

Answer 20

vocal fold vibration

Question 21

Obstruction in airflow yields ___________ sound sources.

Answer 21

supraglottal

Question 22

What is the definition for phonatory source (periodic)?

Answer 22

air pressure forces the vocal folds to vibrate

Question 23

What is the definition of the supraglottal source (aperiodic)?

(2)

Answer 23

1. air pressure builds up behind vocal-tract closures and is released (stops)
2. Air is forced through narrow constrictions (fricatives)

Question 24

What is aperiodic sound due to?

Answer 24

the structures inside the vocal tract

Question 25

Lungs provide air supply for both ___________ and ___________.

Answer 25

periodic and aperiodic

Question 26

Why is aperiodic sounds important?

Answer 26

gives speech its characteristic sound and helps us to differentiate between sounds

Question 27

What can the region between the glottis and lips be modeled as?

Answer 27

a tube that is open at one end, closed at the other end

Question 28

What starts to happen as the tube (vocal tract) is altered?

Answer 28

the air comes out of the open end is going to be different.

Question 29

In regards to the source filter theory, larynx produces a _________ ________ sound; VT filters the _________ _________.

Answer 29

Complex periodic sound Sound source

Question 30

Speech recorded at the mouth shows both __________ and ________ characteristics.

Answer 30

sources and filter

Question 31

What is the vocal tract in regards to vowels?

Answer 31

Articulation shape the VT, but VT is relatively open

Question 32

What is the vocal tract in regards to consonants?

Answer 32

VT constrictors are (relatively speaking) more important

Question 33

Speech requires the precise coordination of what three systems?

Answer 33

Respiration Phonation Articulation

Question 34

In stuttering, ___________ and ______________ appear to be in tact; it's the coordination between phonation and these two systems (particularly articulation) that appears to be off.

Answer 34

Respiration Articulation

Question 35

In regards to blocks beginning at the start of phonation, what is the problem?

Answer 35

Problem with the transition from phonation to articulation

Question 36

Phonetically, stuttering is associated with a difficulty transitioning between what?

Answer 36

the initial unit and following unit

Question 37

In regards to the production-perception link, perception is ongoing during ___________, and therefore required for production

Answer 37

production

Question 38

What is the closed loop system?

Answer 38

Doesn't just send production off but sends speech feedback into the system

Question 39

Sensory information is perceived via what?

Answer 39

Feedback

Question 40

What are the three types of sensory feedback?

Answer 40

1. External: auditory, tactile 2. Proprioceptive - the sense that you have of yourself/your body in space 3. Internal (no evidence but likely) - feedback from the CNS

Question 41

A model of speech production should reflect a ____________, _______________ in which production and perception, speech, language, and cognition are dependent upon one another.

Answer 41

recurrent closed-loop system

Question 42

Why is it critical to know about normal speech production? | 3

Answer 42

1. Changing speech behaviors - learn to do "more of the right things" (i.e., forward- moving speech) 2. Appreciate the online integration perception and production 3. Influence of cognitive activity on stuttering

Question 43

In regards to the influences of cognitive activity on stuttering, what are the three influences?

Answer 43

Awareness Anticipation Emotions

Question 44

Is the mechanism behind choral speech known?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

Is choral speech really considered speech?

Answer 45

No, because it involves other parts of the brain.

Question 46

Why does choral speech work?

Answer 46

When feedback is given to you in a small interval, that is going to give you enough feedback to keep going. It integrates the feedback in order to produce speech that is more so called speech.