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Anatomy Module I > Lecture 6 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

Central nervous system - includes brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System- includes nervous tissue outside brain and spinal cord (ie. cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ANS)

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2
Q

Cell body (Know Alt. Names)

A

Aka soma, perikaryon

function: supports metabolic and synthetic needs of the neuron

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

provides increased surface area for synaptic input from the other neurons

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4
Q

Axon

A

single axon conducts info away from cell body via action potential
Parts: axon hillock, initial segment, node of ranvier, internodal segment, axon terminal

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5
Q

Axon hillock

A

the ANATOMICAL region where the axon rises from the soma

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6
Q

Initial segment

A

PHYSIOLOGIC trigger zone for an AP; located bw the axon hillock and beginning of myelin sheath

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7
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Between myelinated segments

conducts AP

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8
Q

internodal segment

A

myelinated segments

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9
Q

Axon terminal

A

conveys info to other neurons via synapses

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10
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

most common
present throughout nervous system
multiple dendrites emerge from the soma
SINGLE axon emerges from soma

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11
Q

Pyramidal Neuron

A

type of multipolar neuron
-large triangular shaped soma
-single apical dendrite extends toward pial surface (the outside of brain)
-multiple basal dendrites
singla axon
-location: cerebral cortex and hippocampus

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12
Q

Bipolar neuron

A 
has 2 processes that emerge from soma
-single dendrite 
-single axon
Few locations in CNS
-associated with CN-I (olfactory neurons)
-CN II- retinal bipolar cells)
CN VIII
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13
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

aka pseudounipolar
one process emerges from the soma
-bifurcates into peripheral (receives signals) and central branch (enters the CNS)
-both branches are morphologically axons and can propagate an AP

Location: mainly in the PNS (dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerve ganglia)

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14
Q

Neuronal Cell Body

A

nucleus, rough er, free ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, microfilaments, neurofilaments, microtubules

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15
Q

Cell nucleus

A 
has euchromatin (dispersed chromatin- available for transcription) 
-well defined nucleolus is common (center for ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomal subunits
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16
Q

Cytoplasm In a Neuron

A

contains rER for prot synth

Free ribosomes are scattered within it

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus in a Neuron

A

prominent

packages newly synthesized proteins

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18
Q

mitochondria in a neuron

A

numerous

meet energy requirements

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19
Q

cytoskeletal elements in a neuron

A

microfilaments & neurofilaments, microtubules

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20
Q

Nissl stain

A

light microscopy

BASIC stain - visualization of cell body/soma

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21
Q

Nissl bodies

A

NB: the light microscopic term for aggregates of rER and polyribosomes
Axons does not have Rough ER

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22
Q

Presence of Nissl Bodies location in neuron

A

High in the Soma
presence of NB in Proximal dendrite
-diminishes distally
-Absent in axon

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23
Q

Free ribosomes & Nissl stain

A

may be located in axons and distal dendrites, but do not aggregate and cannot be seen with light microscope
-do not form Nissl Body

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24
Q

Ganglion vs Nucleus

A

ganglion: collection of neuronal cell bodies outside CNS
- Note: their cell bodies are surrounded by small support cells called satellite cells (glial cells)

Nucleus: collection of neuronal cell bodies within CNS

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25
Dendrites
receive signals - extensive branching pattern allows dendrites to receive input from many neurons simultaneously - dendritic spines increase surface area for synaptic contact - base of dendrites contain typical organelles EXCEPT golgi apparatus - many organelles become absent distally - contain cytoskeletal elements: micro and neurofilaments, microtubules
26
axons
arise from soma as a single process, may extend long distances NO golgi apparatus -may see occasional ribosomes, not large aggregates contain cytoskeletal microfilaments, neurofilaments and microtubules
27
Cytoskeletal elements
microfilaments Neurofilaments Microtubules (small ->large)
28
microfilaments
smallest diameter, actin filaments location: mainly along the cell membrane around the soma function: provides structural support to the cell and maintains cell shape
29
neurofilaments
intermediate filament | function: provides structural support of cell
30
Microtubules
largest diameter | function: key role in an intracellular transport system toward and away from the cell body
31
Axonal transport
- energy dependent transport - moves to and from axon terminal along microtubules - too long to allow efficient movement of substances between the soma to the axon terminal by simple diffusion - dendrites have capacity to transport substances but is not as extensive as in the axon
32
anterograde vs retrograde transport
Anterograde- from soma to axon terminal | Retrograde - from terminal to soma
33
anterograde transport
involves KINESIS, a microtubule associated protein that moves along microtubules
34
Kinesin
'molecular motor' | interacts with both the microtubule and element to be transported in anterograde motion from soma to axon terminal
35
retrograde transport
involves DYNEIN and moves from axon to soma
36
dynein
microtubule associated protein | moves vesicles along microtubles but in retrograde
37
Synapse
mediates info transfer bw neurons | -includes: presynaptic element and post synaptic element
38
presynapse
axon terminal/bouton contains NT in membrane bound synaptic vesicles presence of mitochondria
39
postsynapse
NT binds to receptor on post membrane | results in electrical signal in postsynaptic neuron
40
Types of synapses
axosomatic axodendritic axoaxonic
41
Axosomatic
axon forms a synapse with a cell body
42
axodendritic
axon forms a synapse with a dendrite
43
axoaxonic
axon forms a synapse with another axon | -synapses modulate activity of other two types
44
Neurological cells
astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocyte, schwann cells
45
Astrocytes Function and location
located throughout CNS cover most surfaces of neuron (soma, dendrite, node of ranvier) via cytoplasmic extensions (astrocytic processes/end feet) (END FEET) - outer surface of brain and spinal cord is covered with astrocytic processes called glial limiting membrane - every blood vessel in CNS is covered by astrocytic processes that seperate it from the neural tissue -provide structural support in CNS -protect neurons by removing ions and neurotransmitters (eg. glutamate) form extracellular space
46
glial limiting membrane
glial limiting membrane that covers brain and spinal cord -a specific astrocyte Just below the Pia Mater
47
Astrogliosis (gliosis)
transformation astrocytes from a quiescent to reactive state in response to CNS injury cellular changes associated with astrogliosis: increased number of astrocytes, increased cell size, extension of cytoplasmic process, increased production of intermediate filaments changes give rise to formation of a dense gliotic scar can last weeks, months, years If you see thesse you know there was an injury but you do not know when
48
Horseradish peroxidase
 Enzyme injected into specific terminal and will be transported back to the cell body  Studies wanted to see if this retrograde motion would affect Primate teeth to find cell bodies •Results -Labelled neurons in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion, mesencephalic nucleus and superior cervical ganglion
49
clostridium tetani
Tetanus bacteria takes advantage of reterograde transport | - toxin can block inhibitory interneuron receptors and cause tetanic contraction
50
Rabies
travels retrograde to CNS
51
Alzheimer's disease
Tau protein on microtubule becomes hyperphosphorylated | - becomes unstable and can no longer stabilize microtubules, depolymerizes
52
CTE
evidence of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
53
Microglia
transform from a quiescent to reactive state in response to CNS injury; process is termed microgliosis - remove foreign and degenerating cellular elements through phagocytosis - microglia return to resting state once reactive process has ceased - If you see them then you have a current active problem
54
Microgliosis
Key changes Increased number of microglia increased cell size includes extension of cytoplasmic processes
55
Oligodendrocyte
responsible for producing and maintaining the myelin sheath around CNS axons One Cell Body away from the nerve acting on multiple axons ID on pic
56
Schwann Cells
form myelin sheath around axons in PNS Each schwann cell myelinates a single internode (an internode is a myelinated axonal segment between two nodes of ranvier - contact both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the PNS - unmyelinated are surrounded by the schwann cell plasma membrane (for protection)
57
Epineurium
``` conective tissue of nerve cell outermost layer Dense CT forming most of the CT investment Thickest of the three surrounds the entire nerve ```
58
perineurium
middle layer dense CT layer that surround a bundle of axons within the nerve ARound the nerve fassicle
59
Endoneurium
innermost layer Loose CT that surrounds individual axons Around an individual Nerve
60
PNS damage and regeneration
Retrograde: axon proximal to injury degenerates Anterograde: axon distal to injury degenerates local: axonal ends retract; macrophages and fibroblasts gather
61
neurolemma
the thin sheath surrounding a nerve axon maintained by the schwann
62
Regeneration of Nerve
within 96 hours of injury, the axon proximal to the lesion sends out sprouts if the axonal sprouts reach the tube left by schwann cells, then the axon is guided to the target (1 mm/day) The schwann cells maintain the path that the nerve should take and it follows this
63
Non continuous neurolemma Regeneration of Nerve
if the cut ends of the axon are separated such that there is a non continuous neurolemma (aka the schwann cells dont maintain the path), then the regrowth of the axon toward its target is disrupted and reinnervation of the target cannot occur
64
Nerve vs tract
nerve: collection of nerve fibers that carries info to and from the CNSd Tract: collection of nerve fibers within the CNS
65
What Are the Morphological Classifications for Neurons
Multipolar Pyrimidal Bipolar Unipolar (pseudounipolar)
66
Dorsal Horn
The location in which the axon enters the spinal chord
67
What are the connective tissue of peripheral Nerves
Epinerium, Perioneruium, Endoneurium

Anatomy Module I (9 decks)

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