Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular System and Blood

Question 1

Hematopoesis

Answer 1

Formation of blood cells.

Done by the yolk sac -> Liver -> bone barrow through development

Question 2

Pluripotent Hemetopoetic Stem Cells

Answer 2

Stem cell for all blood cells and fragments

Be able to ID the megakaryoctye

Question 3

How can blood be considered a Connective Tissue

Answer 3

The plasma is the ECM

The Cells is the RBC

Question 4

Megakaryocyte

Answer 4

Very large cell near a sinus
has a polyploidy nucleus
Cells not considered mature until they leave themarrow

Question 5

What color do platelets tain, H and E stain

Answer 5

Purple

Question 6

Blood Composition

Answer 6

Plasma - Water, Proteins (Albumin), Nutrients
Buffy Coat - WBC and platelets
RBC

Question 7

Erythrocytes (how they stain, properties)

Answer 7

Stain Eosinophillic because hemoglobin is positive
Anucleuated
Lifespan 120 days
Get stuck and destroyed in the spleen

Question 8

Biconcave Allows

Answer 8

Increase gas exchange and increase surface area

Question 9

Size of RBC

Answer 9

7.5 micrometers so can be used to measure nearby

Question 10

How Hemoglobin is Recycled

Answer 10

Recycled in Spleen
Heme -> goes to liver for excretion
Iron -> recycled in liver

Question 11

White Blood Cell Classification (two broad ones)

Answer 11

Granulocyte - cells with specific granules with function
Agranulocytes - Granules that it has do not have specific function
ID TIP - Look at nucleus then cytoplasm

Question 12

Order of frequency of WBC

Answer 12

Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil

Question 13

Neutrophil (nucleus and granule type)

Answer 13

Granulocyte
two -Five lobed nucleus
cytoplasm granules
- specific granules - are bacteriolytic enzymes (dont stain)
- azurophilic granules - stain a little purple, are non specific lysozyme
- Tertiary granules = facilitate movement through Connective tissue

ID - See multilobed nucleus, and not staining cytoplasm

Question 14

Eosinophils (nucleus and Granule Type)

Answer 14

Granulocyte

Two - three lobed nucleus
Granules stain color of RBC (pink)
Granules
- eosinic granules - involved in parasite infection stain pink
- Axurophilic granules - non specific for breaking bacteria

ID - Look for the pink cytoplasm and bilobed nucleus

Question 15

Basophils (nucleus and Granule Type)

Answer 15

Granulocyte
Cannot See nucleus 
Granules
Dark Basophilic granules - releases histamin and heparin - specific 
Also Azurophillic Granules 

ID - look for the dark staining all of cell

Question 16

Monocytes (nucleus and Granule Type)

Answer 16

Agranulocyte
largest cell in peripheral
Nucleus is kidney shape located not in the middle
Some grandules not specific

** when migrates to connective tissue becomes a macrophage **

ID - look for kidney

Question 17

Lymphocytes (nucleus and Granule Type)

Answer 17

Agranulocyte
Very Large nucleus centered and circular
cannot see the granules

ID - the nucleus takes up most of the cytoplasm it is huge

Question 18

Which WBC are agranulocytes and which are granulocytes

Answer 18

Agranulocytes - Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Granulocytes - Eosionophils, Neutrophils Basophils `

Question 19

The three Layers of the Heart

Answer 19

Epicardium, Myocardium and endocardium

Question 20

Epicardium

Answer 20

Serous Membrane (Therefore contains mesothelium and Connective tissue)
It is the outer surface of the heart
Attaches to the paracardial cavity -
location of major blood vessels

Question 21

Myocardium

Answer 21

Muscle layer of the heart in the middle. Note this is the layer that changes between the two ventricles

Question 22

Endocardium

Answer 22

Inner membrane of the heart
it is endothelium with connective tissue
it is the location of conducting system

Question 23

Layers of the Heart going from inside to the outside of the Pericardial cavity

Answer 23

Endocardium -> Myocardium -> Epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium) -> Pericardial Cavity - > Pariaital Pericardium (another serous membrane with mesothelium and CT) -> Fibrous pericardium

visceral - means on the organ side
Pariaital - means on the cavity side

Question 24

Tunica Intima

Answer 24

Inner Layer is endothelium, has a basement membrane

All vessels have this layer

Question 25

Tunica Media

Answer 25

Smooth Muscle in the middle - modified the most in vessels

Question 26

Tunica Adventitia

Answer 26

Connective tissue on the outside layer. Type I collagen

Question 27

Endothelium

Answer 27

It is the tunica intima All vessels are lined with this and it is special simple squamos cells That lay parallel to the long axis is semipermeable

Question 28

Elastic Arteries

Answer 28

Sheets of Elastic Fivers are found in the tunica Media Elastic Stain very pale in eosinophil Wavvy wavvy vessels Smaller blood vessels actually will nourish the vessel itself

Question 29

Muscular Arteries

Answer 29

Has less pale with some elastic fibers but not many | Replaced by the smooth muscle in the tunica media

Question 30

Arteriole

Answer 30

smaller Muscular Has one to 3 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica Media (ID look at the nucleus)

Question 31

Capillary

Answer 31

``` Only endothelial ( Tunica Intima) with basement membrane Identify by looking if one RBC could pass through. Very thin ```

Question 32

3 Types of Capillarys

Answer 32

Continuous - Has tight junctions sealing the endothelial. Fenestration - In kidneys allows some thing to go through based on side Sinusoidal - has huge gaps between cells so lots of things get out

Question 33

Venules

Answer 33

Diameter is larger for vein than capillary thin walled Endothelium with basement membrane Run next to arteriole Larger than the arterioles nearby

Question 34

Capillary Beds

Answer 34

smooth muscle sphincters are located before it in the arterioles to shunt blood

Question 35

Veins

Answer 35

Veins have valves - which are extensions of the tunica intima. There is a thin tunica media Adventitia is well developed

Question 36

Large Veins

Answer 36

Actually see longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle in the adventitia We still see the inner circular muscle in the tunica media though also

Question 37

Lymphatic System

Answer 37

System from the interstitual fluid from the capillaries that drains back to the heart Location of many white blood cells Filled with debris and products and pathogens that will travel though nodes on its way it is unidirectionl with vavles Vessels are single layer thin walled anchored by filaments and elastin

Question 38

Blind Ended System

Answer 38

It starts in the periphery the lymphatics and then go back to enter the heart

Question 39

Thoracic Trunk

Answer 39

Very Large part of lymphatic draining the entire left side of the body

Question 40

Right Lymphatic trunk

Answer 40

Drains the upper right quadrant including head and neck lymphatic system