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CAPS391 Winter 2023 > Lecture 8-10: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 8-10: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

fxn of NS

A

maintain homeostasis (along with endocrine system)

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2
Q

which is faster, endocrine or nervous? more widespread?
longer lasting effect?

A

nervous sytem=faster

widespread and long-lasting effect: endocrine

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3
Q

components of
NS

A

CNS=brain, spinal cord
PNS= cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

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4
Q

define ganglia

A

group of nerve cell bodies which reside outside CNS

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5
Q

nucleus

A

group of nerve cell bodies which reside inside CNS

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6
Q

fxn of CNS vs PNS

A

PNS: collecting sensory info from body & distribute motor response

CNS:Process that information, initiate motor repsonse to sensory stimulus. motor response will be distributed my PNS

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7
Q

possible sources of sensory info collected by PNS

A

somatic senses=touch,temp,pain (i.e. skin)

visceral senses= VAGUE sense. info from internal organs. doesn’t reach concious level mostly (i.e. BP from blood vessel)

special senses=vision,smell,hearing

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8
Q

Divisions of Motor Output PNS

A

Somatic Nerves: target skeletal muscle

Autonomic division
1) Sympathetic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
2) Parasympathetic (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
3) Enteric plexus (smooth muscle and glands of digestive canal)

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9
Q

when do u start to develop NS

A

end of week 3 gestation. hollow straiht tube (neural tube) develops

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10
Q

what are the three primary cerebral vesicles that are first to develop at week 3/4

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
    3.rhombencephalon
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11
Q

what happens at week 5

A

primary vesicles subdivide into secondary cerebral vesicles

prosencephalon ==> Telencephalon & DIencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhomebencephalon = Metencephalon & Myencephalon

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12
Q

what do the 5 secondary cerebral vesiscles give rise to

A
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13
Q
A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon

green part to become spinal cord

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14
Q
A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
    MESENcephalon
  3. Metencephalon
  4. Myelencephalon
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15
Q

whats what

A

left=cerebellum
right=pons

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16
Q
A

midbrain

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17
Q
A

diencephalon

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18
Q
A

cerebrum

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19
Q
A

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

length of spinal cord

A

43-45 cm

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21
Q

where is spinal cord enlarged

A
  1. cervical enlargment- nerves to upper limbs
  2. lumber enlargment- nerves target lower limbs

more nervous tissue here

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22
Q

Conus Medularis

A

reverse cone shaped part at distal end of spinal cord

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23
Q

where does spinal cord start/end

A

start: CI
End: intervertebral disc btw LI-LII

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24
Q

two types of nervous tissue

A
  1. gray matter: nerve cell bodies
  2. white: myelinated nerve fibres
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25
Q

gray matter in spinal cord

A

at the core.

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26
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

surrounds gray matter

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27
Q

Horns of spinal cord

A

Anterior horn: MOTOR neurons

Posterior horn: SENSORY neurons

Lateral horn: not present throughout length of spinal cord, only certain segments. Present btw TI to LII segments [sympathetic neurons & SII and SIV [parasympathetic neurons]

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28
Q

where is lateral horn

A

btw tI and LII [sympathetic]

SII and SIV [parasympathetic]

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29
Q

Columns of spinal cord

A

=bundles of white matter = tracts

  1. Anterior column
  2. Posterior column
  3. Lateral column

columns are mixed btw sensory and motor but INDIVIDUAL TRACTS cannot contain both

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30
Q

ventral root

A

axon of MOTOR NEURON which reside in anterior root

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31
Q

Dorsal Root

A

carries nerve fibres which are arising from sensory neuron, come together very close to spinal cord. form cluster outside spinal cord (DRG)

dorsal root carries sensory fibre

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32
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs. each spinal nerve is MIXED (both sensory and motor fibres)

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33
Q

ascending vs descending pathway

A

ascending= sensory

descending = motor

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34
Q

Typical sensory pathway

A

First order neuron in DRG
Second order neuron either in posterior horn of spinal cord OR brainstem. Decussates e

Third order nucleus in thalamus

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35
Q

Medial Lemniscal/dorsal column

A

Collects proprioception and fine touch. SENSORY pathway

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36
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

SENSORY pathway
picks up pain, temp, crude touch.

First order in DRG
Second in posterior horn, decussates
ascend contralaterally to medulla

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37
Q

typical motor pathway

A

Upper MN: in cortex. sends axon to brainstem. Decussation always done by UMN. either in Brainstem, or in spinal cord

Lower MN in spinal cord (anterior horn)

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38
Q

anterior corticospinal pathway

A

sits in anterior column of spinal cord
Upper MN decussates in medulla
targest muscles of core

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39
Q

lateral corticospinal pathway

A

in lateral column of spinal cord
targets limbs
upper MN decussates in medulla

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40
Q

label these brainstem structures

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongato
  4. Spinal cord
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41
Q
A

4th cerebral ventricle

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42
Q

label A,B,C

A

A: CNVIII Nuclei: Sensory nerve
B:CNX Nucleus: Parasympathetic nucleus
C: CNXII nucleus: Motor nerve (supplies muscles of tongue)

within brainstem, motor nuclei are closest to midline. sensory are quite lateral, PSN nuclei are in btw

43
Q

how is gray matter organized in brainstem?

A

no longer in horns. divided into smaller pieces = nuclei. majority associated with cranial nerves

note: ALL motor/sensory pathways are present in brainstem

44
Q
A

reticular forrmation
controls alertness
connects everything, receives all senses, projects everywhere
controls visceral reflexes

45
Q
A

inferior olivary nucleus
enables you to learn new motor skills

46
Q
A

A= medial leminiscus (sensory pathway)
B= corticospinal tract (motor)

47
Q
A

A=mibrain
B=pons
C=medulla oblongata

48
Q
A

A= superior (controls visual reflexes) and inferior (controls auditory reflexes) colliculi

B=4th cerebral ventricle

C=Cerebellar peduncles. connecting points btw cerebellum and brain stem on either side of ventricle

D=Cranial Nerves

49
Q

structure? function?

A

red nucleus. cooperates with cerebellum for coordination of fine movement

damage= intentional tremors

50
Q

structure? function?

A

coordinatino of gross movements. lesion=PD (shufling gait)

51
Q

strucuter? function?

A

reticular formation. role in being awake, visceral things. found throughought midbrain

52
Q
A

cerebral aquaduct. upward continuation of 4th ventricle

53
Q
A

superior colliculus

54
Q
A

CNIII nucleus= motor nucleus.

55
Q
A

cerebral peduncle. contains all motor pathways

56
Q

what divides the anterior and posterior cerebellum

A

primary fissure

57
Q

what separetes RH and LH of cerebellum

A

Vermis

58
Q

folia

A

folding

59
Q

differences btw fissure and sulcus

A

fissure is deeper

60
Q

most important functino of cerebellum

A

maintain ballance.

61
Q
A

A: anterior lobe
B: primary fissure
C: cerebellar cortex

62
Q
A

A: arbor vitae (white matter)
B: posterior lobe
C: 4th cerebral ventricle

63
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

3 pairs of myelinated fibres
1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: connects to midbrain
2> Middle Cerebellar Peduncle: connects to pons
3. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle: connects to medulla

64
Q

where is third ventricle

A

btw two hemispheres. Diencephalon surrounds it

65
Q

main structures of diencephalon

A

thalamus: sensory relay
hypothalamus: regulate endocrine, ANS
Pineal: produce melatonin, circadian rhtym, sex

66
Q

gyrus

A

= holds
separated by sulci

67
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor centre
personality, judgement, planning, decision

68
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual

69
Q

temporal lobe

A

sensory (hearing)

70
Q

parietal

A

general sensory (pain, temp, touch)

71
Q

3 main sulci:

A

Central: separates frontal and prietal

lateral: separates temporal and frontal

Parietal occipital: btw paretal and occipital

72
Q

Basal Ganglia made up of?

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Lentiform Nucleus (Putamen, Globus Pallidus)
73
Q
A

Caudate Nucleus

74
Q
A

A: Putamen
B: Globus Pallidus

Together = lentiform nucleus

75
Q

fxn basal ganglia

A

coordinate gross movement, initiate/stop thoughts

76
Q

association fibres

A

connect gyri of same hemisphere

77
Q

commissural fibres

A

connect same structure in diff hemispheres (i.e. corpus callosum)

78
Q

projection fibres

A

connect cerebrum to lower centres (i.e. internal capsule)

79
Q
A

lateral ventricle anterior horn

80
Q
A

inter-ventricular forament

81
Q
A

posterior horn

82
Q
A

left= cerebral aquaduct

right = fourth ventricle

83
Q
A

top = third ventricle
bottom = inferior horn

84
Q

How much CSF is produced each day?

A

500 mL

only 150 mL in body at once, replaced 3x a day

85
Q

what are the layers of meninges

A

Dura mater (tough, thick, external fibrous layer)
Arachnoid matter (thin intermediate_

Pia mater (delicate internal vascular)

86
Q

how is pia and arachnoid mater separated

A

subarachnoid space, which contains CSF

87
Q

how is CSF formed

A

by the choroid plexus within the 4 ventricles

88
Q

what are the layers of dura mater

A

peiosteal layer (external)
meningeal layer

89
Q

dural infoldings

A

The internal meningeal layer of the dura reflects away
from the external periosteal layer of the dura to form
dural infoldings (reflections), which divide the cranial
cavity into compartment

The four dural infoldings are the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma
sellae.

90
Q

superior and inferior sagittal sinus

A

between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura dura. large irregular veins. carry venous blood. superior is one of the largest sinuses in cranial cavity, it is attached to the falx cerebri

91
Q

explain pathway of CSF from lateral ventricle into the circulatory system

A

Lateral ventricles produce CSF
travels via interventricular foramen to third ventricle
CSF flows from there into 4th through cerebral aqueduct
More CSF added here,
Median aperture: midline of fourth ventricles. One opening where CSF can escape

After exiting through median aperture, CSF enters subarachnoid space.

Arachnoid villus: finger like projections into subarachnoid space. Act as unidirectional bows. Allow CSF to drain into sinuses

92
Q
A

arachnoid villus/granulation

93
Q
A

top=median aperture (midline of 4th ventricle. one opening where CSF can escape)

bottom= subarachnoid space

94
Q
A

top= interventricular foramen (connects third to lateral)

mid: third ventricle

bottom; cerebral aqueduct

95
Q
A

top= superior sagital sinus
bot= lateral ventricle

96
Q

label A-D

A

A: Subarachnoid Space
B:skin
C: superior sagittal sinus
D: arachnoid villus

97
Q

label E-H

A

E: periosteal
F: meningeal
G: Arachnoid Mater
H: Pia Mater

98
Q

where does spinal cord end

A

vertebrae LI-LII

99
Q

lumbar cistern

A

the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar spinal canal.

space btw end of spinal cort LI-LII) and vertebra SII. contains roots spinal nerves and CSF

The bundle of spinal nerve roots in
the lumbar cistern of the subarachnoid space caudal to
the termination of the spinal cord resembles a horse’s tail,
hence its name cauda equina

100
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of ventral and dorsal roots of the lumbar, sacral, coccygeal spinal nerves

101
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by single spinal nerve/spinal cord segment

102
Q

myotome

A

part of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve/cord segment

103
Q

how are spinal nerves named

A

after spinal cord segments

  1. C1-C8
  2. T1-T12
  3. L1-L5
  4. S1-S5
    5.Co (pair of nerves)

CAPS391 Winter 2023 (29 decks)

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