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CHI282 - Human Anatomy 2 > Lecture 8 Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Vertebral Column Flashcards

0
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

  • n=5 vertebrae;
  • Large kidney-shaped body for weight-bearing;
  • Mid-sized triangular vertebral foramen;
  • Facets are faced in a medial or lateral direction permitting good ………. ……. ……….;
  • Spinous processes are …….
A

flexion and extension

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1
Q

Why do the vertebral bodies of the sacrum & coccyx get smaller more inferiorly?

A

?

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2
Q

Coccyx: no ……. ……. or …….. …….. (dural sac of spinal cord ends at S2)

A

vertebral arches

vertebral canal

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3
Q

Intervertebral joints are joints between …….. ………

A

vertebral bodies

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4
Q

•Zygapophyseal joints are the joints between

A

vertebral arches

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5
Q

Bifurcation of the aorta occurs at what vertebral level?

A

L4

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6
Q

The lumbar vertebrae has a mid-sized triangular vertebral ……?

A

foramen;

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7
Q

Lumbar facets face ……… or ………

A

medial

Lateral

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8
Q

The lumbar vertebrae prefers what type of movement?

A

Flexion and extension

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9
Q

In the lumbar vertebrae the spinous processes are ……?

A

Short

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10
Q

The lumbosacral angle is at what degrees?

A

130-160 degrees

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11
Q

The PSIS is located at what vertebral level?

A

S2

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12
Q

Craniovertebral

(atlanto-occipital & atlanto-axial joints) is located between what two structures?

A

Occiput and C1

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13
Q

Costovertebral joints Is the articulations of vertebrae and ……?

A

Ribs

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14
Q

Intervertebral joints
• Joints between the adjacent vertebral bodies.
• Weight-bearing joints.
• Shock-absorbers due to IV discs.
• Stabilised by anterior (strongest) and posterior longitudinal
ligaments.

A

.

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15
Q

Intervertebral disks are present from ….. And the …….?

A

C2

Sacrum

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16
Q

The annulus fibrosis, the outer part of the vertebral disk is made out what type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Nucleus pulposus = is a ………. remnant (collagen, ……… …………) of embryonic ……..

A

gelatinous
hydrated proteoglycans
notochord

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18
Q

IV discs are thickest in what region?

A

lumbar

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19
Q

The intervertabral disks are secured by the anterior and posterior ………… …………

A

longitudinal ligaments

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20
Q

The intervertebral disks account for what % in length of the vertebral column?

A

20-25%

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21
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament is ……… and prevents ……………… of spine (only ligament that limits extension!)
primarily attached to ………. ……….AND …….. discs.

A

strong
hyperextension
vertebral bodies
I.V

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22
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament is …….. and prevents ……………. of spine. => Attached mainly to ……. discs and
less to …….. bodies.

A

weaker
hyperflexion
I.V
vertebral

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23
Q

Supraspinous ligaments connect ………. ……. (C7 to sacrum) and are ……….. and limit ………..

A

spinous tips
stronger
flexion

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24
Q

The supra spinous ligament travels from …… to the sacrum

A

C7

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25
Q

Ligamentum nuchae connects ……. ……. of ………. vertebrae to external …….. ………..

A

spinous tips
cervical
occipital protuberance

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26
Q

Intertransverse ligaments connect ……….. ………. and are ……..

A

transverse processes

weak

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27
Q

Ligamenta flava connects adjacent ……. of vertebrae.

A

laminae

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28
Q

Ligamenta flava limits ……… and are more elastic than other ligaments

A

flexion

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29
Q

Interspinous ligaments connect ……. and are ……

A

spines

weak

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30
Q

Tranverse costal facets on the ……… ………. for

articulation with ………. of ribs.

A

transverse processes

tubercle

31
Q

Superior and inferior costal facets (mostly small demifacets) on ……………. margins of vertebral body for articulation with …… of rib

A

Posterolateral

head

32
Q

Zygapophyseal “facet” joints is a ……. …… joints.

A

synovial plane

33
Q

Zygapophyseal “facet” joints occur between the ……. and …….. ………… …………. of adjacent vertebrae.

A

superior
inferior
arcticular processes (facets)

34
Q

Zygapophyseal “facet” joints allow for some ……./…….. movement

A

gliding/sliding

35
Q

……….. is most mobile joint

A

C5-C6

36
Q

……… permits most flexion

A

L4-L

37
Q

Sensory nerve fibres derived from ……. …… of spinal nerves supply the ……… ……. of the capsules surrounding these
facet joints => ….. % of back pain caused by changes in these joints

A

dorsal rami
synovial linings
15

38
Q

Zygapophyseal “facet” joints takes innervation from accosiated …… ……. as well as nerves from vertebrae ……… …. ……..

A

nerve root

below and above

39
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints
• ……… ………. synovial joints.
• Allows …….. and ……… (i.e. nodding head up and down) and ……… ……. (i.e. sideways tilting).

A

Biaxial condyloid
flexion/extension
lateral flexion

40
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints-

Movement of joint limited by the ……… and ……… ………-……….. membranes.

A

anterior
posterior
atlanto-occipital

41
Q

Atlanto-axial joints
• 2x …….. atlanto-axial joint =…….. synovial joint.
• 1x ……. atlanto-axial joint =…… joint.

A

Lateral
Median
gliding
pivot

42
Q

Atlanto-axial joints

Permits ……… ……… of head (i.e. shaking head saying “no”)

A

lateral rotation

43
Q

Transverse ligament of Atlas
•Holds ……….. process (dens) in place
•Allows ………

A

odontoid

rotation

44
Q

Alar ligaments
• Attachment: Dens to ……… ………
• Limit ……… at the atlanto-axial joint

A

occipital condyles

rotation

45
Q

Cruciform “Cross” ligaments

Transverse (…….) + longitudinal (……..)

A

strong

weak

46
Q

Tectorial membrane

Continuation of the …….. ……… ligament from …… through foramen magnum to floor of cranium

A

posterior longitudinal

C2

47
Q

Development of vertebrae
• Sclerotomes => vertebra.
• Notochord between vertebra => ……… ……
• Birth = 3 bony parts connected by cartilage (C3-C6).
• Halves of vertebral arch fuse at …….-years-old.
• Vertebral arch fuses to body at …….-years-old.

A

3-5
3-6
nucleus pulposus

48
Q

Development
Sclerotome = …………..=Bone
• Ossification begins during ….. week.

A

Cartilage

8th

49
Q

Scoliolis
• Accentuated ……. and ……… curve of the thoracic or lumbar spine.
• Aetiology: genetic, trauma, idiopathic; occurs in adolescent
girls more than boys

A

lateral

Rotational

50
Q

Kyphosis “Hunch-back”
• Accentuated …….. of ……… spine.
• Aetiology: poor posture, osteoporosis.

A

flexion

Thoracic

51
Q

Lordosis “Sway-back”
• Accentuated ………. of …….. spine.
• Aetiology: weakened trunk muscles, late pregnancy, obesity.

A

extension

lumbar

52
Q

Osteoarthritis
• Progressive erosion of cartilage in joints of spine, fingers, knee
and hip (most commonly).
• In spine => can lead to spinal nerve ………..

A

impingement

53
Q

Spondylolysis
• Affects …-….% population.
• Defect where ……… …….. becomes separated from it’s body.
• …..-…..% cases at L5; ….-…..% at L4.

A

3-6
vertebral arch
85-95
5-15

54
Q

Spondylolithesis
•……… or ……… displacement of vertebrae in relation to
vertebrae below.

A

Anterior

Posterior

55
Q

IV disc herniation
• ………. tears (mostly posterolateral) of …….. …….. allows for extrusion and herniation of …….. ……… which may
impinge spinal nerves.

A

Peripheral
anulus fibrous
nucleus pulposus

56
Q

IV disk herniation

• Lumbar disc herniations are common and result in pain over ……. ……… …….. ……..

A

SI joint, hip, posterior thigh and leg

57
Q

The lamina and the pedicel form the what?

A

Vertebral arch

58
Q

The intervertebral joint is supported by what two things?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament

59
Q

The alar ligament limits what movement?

A

Rotation

60
Q

Nutrient arteries branching from the ……… ………. ……… branch supply blood to the red bone marrow with the vertebral bodies.

A

anterior vertebral canal

61
Q

• Internal vertebral venous plexus

communicates with …….. ……… and ……. ……. in cranium

A

dural sinuses

vertebral veins

62
Q

Internal vertebral venous plexus
As well as communication with the dual sinus and vertebral veins it also communicates with the ……. …… …… …… on……. surface of vertebrae.

A

external vertebral venous plexuses

external

63
Q

There are:
…. anterior longitudinal spinal veins
….posterior longitudinal spinal veins

A

3

3

64
Q

Basivertebral veins form …….. vertebral bodies.

A

WITHIN

65
Q

Basivertebral veins emerge from ……. on surfaces of vertebral bodies (mostly ……. )

A

foramina

posterior

66
Q

The basivertebral veins drain into the

A

venous plexuses

67
Q

Spinal veins form …… ……. along the vertebral column both inside (…….. venous plexus) and outside (…… venous plexus) of vertebral canal.

A

venous plexuses
internal
external

68
Q

Veins draining spinal cord -> internal & external venous plexus -> ……. …… .. …….

A

vertebral veins of neck

69
Q

Zygapophyseal (facet) joint pain

Degeneration of …… ……. => synovial inflammation/capsular swelling => pain

A

articular cartilage

70
Q

Osteophyte overgrowth of facet articular processes may ….. … … …..

A

impinge on nerve root.

71
Q

Osteoarthritis
•………. = bony outgrowth

•………. ……… compresses spinal nerves.

A

Osteophytes

Osteophytic encroachment

72
Q

What is another name for the zygapophyseal joints?

A

Facet joints

73
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of C2?

A

Odontoid process (Dens)

74
Q

Which ligament limits extension of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

75
Q

What type of movement occurs at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Lateral rotation of head

76
Q

Is the cervical curvature of the spine acquired in utero or after birth?

A

After birth – once baby can support own head weight

CHI282 - Human Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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