Lecture 9 Flashcards
Body Composition (15 cards)
What is body composition?
Body composition refers to how the body is divided into different parts, with particular emphasis on body fat (%)
FM: Fat Mass
FFM/LBM: Fat-Free Mass / Lean Body Mass
What’s the difference between android and gynoid fat distribution?
Android (apple): Fat around abdomen, higher CVD risk.
Gynoid (pear): Fat around hips/thighs.
Use waist-to-hip ratio to assess.
Too little body fat can lead to?
Infertility
Depression
Impaired temperature regulation
Early death
What is a Somatotypes?
A somatotype is a way to define an individual’s body type based on their skeletal frame and body composition.
What are the 3 extreme body types?
Endomorphic: Round, fat type.
Extreme endomorph somatotype: 711
Mesomorphic: Muscular type.
Extreme mesomorph somatotype: 171
Ectomorphic: Slim, linear type.
Extreme ectomorph somatotype: 117
Normal build 444
What are common methods for assessing Body Composition?
2 compartment
Skinfolds
BodPod (Air Displacement Plethysmography)
Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA)
Hydrodensitometry (Underwater Weighing - UWW)
What are common methods for assessing Body Composition?
3 compartment
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
How are proper skinfold measurements taken?
Only take measurements on the RIGHT side.
The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and underlying adipose tissue (not muscle).
Calipers are applied 1 cm below and perpendicular to the pinch.
Two measures should be completed; if within 5% of each other, the mean is recorded.
What are common sources of error in skinfold measurements?
Tester skill and proficiency.
Unreliable or uncalibrated calipers.
Pinching the skinfold too tightly or too long (causes fluid movement and a lower value).
Imprecise anatomical location of sites.
Subject obesity.
Subject hydration status.
What are Girth Measurements and the significance of Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)?
Measure body/limb circumference.
Pros: Quick, reliable, suitable for obese individuals.
Cons: Don’t distinguish fat vs. muscle (e.g., athlete vs. obese).
WHR:
Obese if WHR ≥0.95 (men) or ≥0.86 (women)
Waist ≥102 cm (men) or ≥88 cm (women) = high obesity-related disease risk.
What is Body Mass Index (BMI) and its limitations?
A quick/easy method for determining if one’s weight is appropriate for one’s height.
Does not differentiate between fat and nonfat weight.
Problems with athletic populations (e.g., muscular individuals may have a high BMI but low body fat).
Body mass can be influenced by factors independent of fat or muscle mass.
What are some potential causes of weight/fat gain?
Energy out < Energy in
Family/Genetics
Culture
Poor Sleep - linked to greater intake
Hormonal
What are the impacts of overweight and obesity?
Socio-economic impact.
Mental health issues (depression, anxiety).
Morbidity & Mortality (increased risk of):
* Heart disease
* High blood pressure
* Stroke
* Type 2 diabetes
* Certain cancers
* Breathing problems (sleep apnea)
* Gallbladder disease and gallstones
* Fatty liver disease
* Pregnancy problems
What behavioral modifications are recommended for weight loss?
Keep records.
Plan meals.
Establish a support system.
Set goals.
Have a reward system.
Avoid self-defeating behaviors.
Cardiac Output is
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
