Lecture 9

Question 1

elements of an experiment

Answer 1

1. manipulation: changing the independent variable
2. control: ensuring the difference is due to the IV
3. measurement: measuring the dependable variable
4. Comparison: determining the difference

Question 2

the generation effect

Answer 2

info is better remembered if it is generated from one’s own mind rather than simply read

Question 3

the production effect

Answer 3

memory favors content stated aloud relative to content passively read during the study

Question 4

manipulation types

Answer 4

1. different levels of IV/treatment
   - two groups receive different dosage levels
2. different treatment/IV categories
   - one group receives new treatment, one group receives existing treatment
3. treatment/IV vs. no treatment/IV
   - one group received drug, one group does not

Question 5

conditions for determining cause and effect

Answer 5

• co variation of cause and effect
• temporal precedence
• alternative explanations

Question 6

which necessary condition of causality does manipulation help

Answer 6

-temporal precedence

by manipulating one variable, the experimenter is automatically ensuring direction/temporal precedence

Question 7

which necessary condition of causality does control help

Answer 7

-alternative explanations

Question 8

what kinds of variables need to be controlled for

Answer 8

confounding variables

Question 9

how do we control for confounding variables

Answer 9

1. random assignment
2. matching
3. holding constant
4. control group

Question 10

random assignment

Answer 10

subjects are assigned to different levels of IV randomly
two benefits:
1. as sample size gets larger, the differences between the groups gets smaller
2. even if there are differences, they aren’t systematic

Question 11

matching

Answer 11

subjects are matched on some extraneous variable related to the DV
-one from each pair is randomly assigned to each experimental condition

Question 12

holding constant

Answer 12

some extraneous variable is not allowed to vary

Question 13

control conditions

Answer 13

one condition that does not receive the treatment

Question 14

placebo effect

Answer 14

drug has no medical effect but participant still has a response

Question 15

placebo groups

Answer 15

used in experimental designed to test effectiveness of drugs in treating various illnesses

Question 16

manipulation check

Answer 16

additional measure to assess how the participants perceived and interpreted the manipulation and or to assess the direct effect manipulation