Lecture Outline #15

Question 1

CNS development

Answer 1

ectoderm folds inward to form a hollow neural tube, central canal extends and ends expand to ventricles and are filled with CSF

Question 2

3 primary brain vesicles

Answer 2

prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain

Question 3

telencephalon

Answer 3

cerebrum, lobes

Question 4

tel - cerebral functions

Answer 4

conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage & processing, and regulation of in-/voluntary somatic motor patterns

Question 5

tel - hollow

Answer 5

lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum

Question 6

tel - surface features

Answer 6

gyri - elevated ridges, increases surface area for more room for thought.
sulci - cleft-like depressions
lateral sulcus - separates temporal lobe from parietal & frontal
fissures - deeper grooves between lobes/regions
longitudinal fissure - separates cerebrum
transverse fissure - separates cerebrum & cerebellum

Question 7

tel - hemispheres

Answer 7

right - sensory information, spatial relationships, artistic, creative, emotional response, self-awareness, feelings
left - language, reading, writing, speaking, logic
corpus callosum - (commissure) connects communication btw R&L brain, females = thicker and more activity

Question 8

tel - frontal lobe - prefrontal cortex

Answer 8

emotion, motivation, new memories (short-term), behavioral regulation, sense of time, reasoning, thought-processing

Question 9

tel - frontal lobe - speech center

Answer 9

Broca’s area - breathing/vocalization, left temporal side (97%)

Question 10

tel - frontal lobe - pre-central gyrus

Answer 10

primary motor cortex - motor humunculus

Question 11

tel - parietal lobe - central sulcus

Answer 11

separates parietal & frontal lobe

Question 12

tel - parietal lobe - post-central gyrus

Answer 12

primary sensory cortex - sensory homunculus
navigation, touch, pressure, pain receptors

Question 13

tel - temporal lobe

Answer 13

auditory cortex, petrous part of bone protects ossicles, olfactory & gustatory corticles - special senses
new memories (short-term) & language

Question 14

tel - occipital lobe

Answer 14

visual cortex

Question 15

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 15

neurological condition from genetic mutations/environmental factors. degradation of brain cells, loss of neurons/synapses, remember long-term not short-term, ventricles open up & lose surface area of gyri

Question 16

senility

Answer 16

75% senile dementia is Alzheimer’s related, deterioration of organizational/focus tasks, memory loss (short then long term)

Question 17

di - box

Answer 17

epithalamus - roof
thalamus - walls
hypothalamus - floor
3rd ventricle - chamber
interthalamic adhesion - middle connecting point of 3rd vent

Question 18

di - pineal gland

Answer 18

secretes melatonin (sleep patterns) and perceives light
held up by habenula

Question 19

di - thalamus

Answer 19

relay/processing center for sensory info
fornix - memory formation
mammillary body - memory

Question 20

di - hypothalamus

Answer 20

coordinates the ANS - controls thirst, appetite, body temperature
coordinates the endocrine system - secretes hormones (oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone ADH)
integrates sensory & motor commands related to emotion
pituitary glad is rests in sella turcica and is suspended by the infundibulum

Question 21

mes - corpora quadrigemina

Answer 21

integrates
vision (superior colliculi - 2)
hearing (inferior colliculi - 2)

Question 22

mes - red nucleus

Answer 22

blood filled area that maintains muscle tone & posture

Question 23

mes - substantia nigra

Answer 23

creates neurotransmitter dopamine
drop in dopamine causes increased muscle tone

Question 24

cocaine

Answer 24

mes - binds/blocks the transporter & dopamine stays on the postsynaptic receptors

Question 25

parkinsons disease

Answer 25

mes - too much or too little dopamine causing oppositional muscles to fire and tremors

Question 26

mes - cerebral peduncles

Answer 26

support cerebrum and attach to brainstem connect tel & met through white matter

Question 27

met - cerebellum

Answer 27

coordinates postural/skeletal muscles programming of subconscious/repetitive movements two hemispheres & vermis (worm structure separating) folia - folds arbor vitae - grey-white matter pattern purkinje cells - highly branched cells giving cerebellum dark look cerebellar peduncles - links cerebellum to brainstem & pons, allow communication between -bellum & pons 4th ventricle

Question 28

met - pons

Answer 28

4 CNs (V, VI, VII, VIII) respiratory fine-tuning center sleep paralysis

Question 29

mye - medulla oblongata

Answer 29

transition from to brain to spinal cord (switch of grey/white matter), 5 CNs (VII,IX, X, XI, XII) autonomic centers for visceral function - cardiovascular - heart rate - respiratory - breath rate - digestive systems - GI tract speed compression within foramen magnum can lead to death 4th vent terminates here for central canal to run

Question 30

grey matter redox -brum&-bellum

Answer 30

neuron bodies make up the cortex/cortical surface or non-cortical concentrations of cells - nucleus

Question 31

white matter redox -brum&-bellum

Answer 31

association/arcurate fibers - btw. gyri within a hemisphere commissural fibers btw gyri of oppositional hemispheres projection fibers ascend/descend to CNS longitudinal fibers/fasciculi are anterior/posterior

Question 32

limbic system

Answer 32

group of brain structures that help regulate emotion/behavior links conscious thought w/ autonomic functions of brainstem (behavior & emotional states, thirst, hunger sex) learning & storage/recall of long-term memory

Question 33

limbic system structures

Answer 33

amygdala, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, dendate gyrus, body of fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, olfactory bulb, septal nuclei, thalamus, uncus.

Question 34

synesthesia

Answer 34

hereditary neurological condition, cross-wiring of nerves. letters/numbers may be interpreted as colors, sounds can be seen, shapes have a taste

Question 35

layers of head

Answer 35

scalp - epicranius - periosteum - skull - dura mater (endosteum) - arachnoid - brain w/ pia mater

Question 36

falx cerebri

Answer 36

runs between cerebral hemispheres and is anchored anteriorly to crista galli

Question 37

falx cerebelli

Answer 37

runs between cerebellar hemispheres and sits on vermis

Question 38

tentorium cerebelli

Answer 38

runs between cerebrum and cerebellum in transverse fissure

Question 39

diaphragma sellae

Answer 39

encloses the pituitary gland in the sella turcica

Question 40

dural sinus

Answer 40

delamination of dura mater, forms cavity for venous blood, reflects off of endosteum

Question 41

dural sinuses

Answer 41

superior & inferior sagittal sinus - falx cerebri straight sinus - tentorium cerebelli transverse sinus - tentorium cerebelli sigmoid sinus - terminates at jugular foramen, tentorium cerebelli cavernous sinus - by pituitary gland confluence of sinuses - superior sagittal, straight, and transverse

Question 42

choroid plexus

Answer 42

1 @ lateral vents to 3rd 1 @ 3rd to 4th capillary beds in each ventricle CSF is blood that loses plasma through refined filtration

Question 43

CSF flow

Answer 43

choroid plexus of lateral vents - lateral vents thru interventricular foramen - 3rd vent w/ choroid plexus thru mesencephalic aqueduct - 4th vent w/choroid plexus - central canal/apertures - subarachnoid space - arachnoid granulations - dural sinuses

Question 44

hydrocephalus

Answer 44

internal - failure for CSF to escape vents external - failure for CSF to return to dural sinuses the brain will push out and be damaged