Lecture Outline #22: CV: Circulation Flashcards

(77 cards)

1
Q

BV 3 layers

A

1) tunica interna - thin endothelium
2) tunica media - smooth muscle
3) tunica externa - CT sheath around outside of vessel

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2
Q

lumen

A

opening in BV, where blood flows

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3
Q

arteries (function, lumen, appearance, 3 layers)

A

function: carry blood from heart to tissues
lumen: always open
appearance: round, thick walls
TI: internal elastic membrane
TM: thick middle layer
TE: collagen & elastic fibers - for contraction/expansion, few restriction because it is slippery

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4
Q

veins (function, lumen, appearance, 3 layers)

A

function: return blood to the heart from tissues
lumen: closed when no blood is within
appearance: not always round, has thin walls
TI: smooth walls, no elastic membrane
TM: thin muscle layer
TE: collagen fibers, few elastic fibers

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5
Q

lymphatics

A

function: return lymph (interstitial fluid) to heart
appearance: very thin-walled vessels with small valves

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6
Q

capillary beds (appearance)

A

very small so only 1 RBC is allowed to go through at a time, plasma is lost here.

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7
Q

lymphatics - edema

A

a chronic disease that occurs when the body’s lymphatic system is unable to properly remove excess fluid from tissues

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8
Q

Blood composition

A

Total: 1.2 - 1.8 gallons depending on body size
1/3 of blood is arterial while 2/3 of blood is venous (deep and superficial veins)
15% heart & lungs
20% brain, capillaries, arteries
65% skin, gut, liver, veins

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9
Q

how does the tunica media control blood flow

A

the tunica media is smooth m. that adjusts BV diameter (ANS controls lumen size)
- vasoconstriction (decrease in diameter)
- vasodilation (increase in diameter)

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10
Q

blood flow control - fight/flight response

A

dilation of capillary beds in m.s which increases O2 delivery aka shunting blood away from cap beds
restriction of blood supply to gut redistributing blood

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11
Q

blood flow control - rest/digest response

A

dilation of capillary beds in gut, shunting/bypassing blood, redistributing blood to gut (increase food absorption)

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12
Q

passing out (BVs)

A

parasym - GI vasodilation of vessels
sym - peripheral vessels & m.s vasodilate

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13
Q

arteries - types

A

1.elastic a. - lots of elastin, absorbs pressure fluctuations
2. Muscular a. - lots of smooth m., expand/control to control blood flow
3. Arterioles - distribute blood from larger a.s to caps
4. continuous capillary - continuous endothelial cell lining, least permeable (only small solutes can pass)
5. endothelial cells - inner single cell lining in BVs, regulates exchange btw blood & tissues

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14
Q

veins - types

A
  1. Large v. -
  2. medium v. -
  3. venule - smallest v.s, blood from caps to larger v.s
  4. fenestrated capillary - contain pores, more permeable (allow exchange of bigger molecules)
  5. endothelial cells - inner single cell lining in BVs, regulates exchange btw blood & tissues
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15
Q

general structure of a.s & v.s

A

a.s - branch into smaller and smaller arteries
v.s - combine into larger and larger veins

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16
Q

aorta structures

A

unpaired
ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aorta

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17
Q

aortic arch

A

branches -
1. brachiocephalic a.
a. right common carotid a.
b. right subclavian a.
2. Left common carotid a.
3. left subclavian a.

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18
Q

descending aorta branches

A

1) thoracic aorta
- intercostal a.s (paired) vertebrae, spinal cord
2) abdominal aorta
- renal a.s (paired) kidneys
- gonadal a.s (paired) testes or ovaries
- lumbar a.s (paired) vertebrae, spinal cord, ab wall
3) common iliac a.s (paired)
- external iliac a.s (paired)
- internal iliac a.s (paired) inside pelvic cavity

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19
Q

anastomoses

A

where two a.s run into each other without a capillary bed
Ex: epigastric a.s, palmar loop, planter loop

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20
Q

collateral circulation

A

mainly at large joints
extra arteries that run along side of joint & main artery.
Ex: when flexing arm, main anterior a.s are ‘compressed’ posterior arteries keep arm bloodified.

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21
Q

palmar loop

A

in hand
ulner a.s are superficial and radial a.s are deep
2 palmar a.s
1 dorsal a.

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22
Q

when does femoral a. become the femoral a.

A

when the external iliac a. crosses the inguinal ligament, branches into deep femoral (goes to posterior side) and femoral a. (along femur)

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23
Q

when does popliteal become own artery

A

when the femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus

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24
Q

what a.s does the popliteal a. split into?

A

splits in anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries. The posterior tibial a. has the fibular a. branching off of it (lateral side)

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25
venous drainage of inferior vena cava
phrenic v.s hepatic v.s renal v.s lumbar v.s gonadal v.s common iliac v.s
26
venous drainage around spinal cord/throax area
Azygos v. - runs right side of vertebral column & drains intercostal v.s 1-12. Dumps into posterior aspect of superior vena cava Accessory hemiazygos - runs left side adn drains intercostal v.s 1-7 Hemiazygos v.s - runs left side and drains intercostal v.s 8-12 Accessory + hemiazygos v.s drain into azygos v.
27
superficial v.s in superficial fascia of arm
1. Cephalic v. - lateral side, dumps into axillary v. which immediately becomes subclavian v. 2. basilic v. - medial side 3. Median cubital - where cephalic & basilic v.s come together, place for drawing blood
28
superficial v.s in leg
1. Great Saphanus v - anterior side of medial malleolus but runs on medial side of leg, dumps into femoral v. (if heart bypass needed, this vein is taken out) 2. Small Sephanus v. - lateral side, dumps into popliteal v.
29
venous drainage of limbs & skin
2 brachiocephalic v.s that dump into superior vena cava, same v.s as a.s
30
medium & large v.s: valves
there is no pressure in veins to push blood so veins have valves. If there is movement, valve open superior to contracting muscles and valves closes inferior to contracting muscle.
31
varicose v.s or varicosities
veins swollen/distorted by valve failure
32
hemorrhoids
varicose/ruptured veins of the rectum & anus wall because of liver portal hypertension
33
caput medusae
cluster of swollen veins in the abdomen
34
arterial supply to head
skin & m.s supplied by external carotid a which turns into facial a. brain tissue is supplied by branches of: - internal carotid a.s via carotid canal off common carotid a. - vertebral a.s via foreman magnum off subclavian a. Acts as a backup blood supply in transverse foramina
35
arteriosclerosis
abnormal thickening/ridging of a.s vascular inflammatory response If this happens to widow maker a. = death (anterior ventricular a.)
36
aneurysm
bulge/dilation in weakened arterial wall, plaque builds up typically in descending aorta & external iliac a.
37
ischemia
restricted blood supply to an organ
38
infarction
localized cell/tissue death in an organ
39
CVA
hemorrhagic stroke - bleeding inside brain, blood fills subarachnoid spaces and pushes on brain ischemic stroke - clot blocks blood flow
40
arterial circle (Circle of Willis)
anastomotic ring that encircles pituitary gland formed by - internal carotid a.s - cerebral a.s - basilar a. where vertebral & cerebellar a.s meet
41
blood-brain barrier
1. Neural Tissue - must be isolated from circulation because chemicals have disruptive effects 2. Astrocytes & endothelial cells - restricted permeability, control chemical exchange
42
exceptions to blood-brain barrier
1. capillaries of the choroid plexus - permeable for secretion of CSF 2. capillaries in hypo- & epithalamus - permeable for excretion of hormones into circulation from pituitary gland
43
venous drainage of head
most dural sinuses drain to internal jugular v.s blood for BS drains to vertebral v,s scalp, skin, m.s drain into external jugular v.s retromandibular v. - connection btw internal & external jugular v.s brachiocephalic v.s = vertebral + jugular + subclavian v.s
44
celiac trunk a.
1. common hepatic a. to liver 2. Left gastric a. to stomach 3. splenic a. to spleen and 1/2 pancreas
45
superior mesenteric a.
1. intestinal a. to 1/2 pancreas, small intestine, appendix 2. mid-colic a. to transverse colon 3. right colic a. to ascending colon
46
inferior mesenteric a.
1. left colic a. to descending colon 2. sigmoidal a. - sigmoid colon 3. rectal a. to rectum
47
what is a portal v.
vessel system between 2 capillary beds
48
liver receives blood from what two sources`
1. proper hepatic a. from common hepatic a. from celiac trunk 2. hepatic portal v where superior mesenteric & splenic v.s (and inferior mesenteric) come together
49
liver function and drainage to heart
- filters/modifies substances in blood - filters 25% of blood (25% by kidneys) - drained by hepatic v.s (capillaries in liver) to inferior vena cava
50
veins contributing to hepatic portal v.
1. Splenic v. - stomach, spleen, pancreas 2. Superior mesenteric v. (mid-colic, right colic, intestinal v.s) - from small intestine & colon 3. Inferior mesenteric v. (left colic, sigmoidalm rectal v.s) from rectum & descending colon, drains into splenic v. 4. Gastric v.s from stomach
51
fetal characteristics
lungs are non-functional, liver/kidneys somewhat functional, digestive tract has nothing to digest
52
fertilized egg compostition
70% placenta 30% you
53
placenta
mass of capillary beds, fetal & maternal capillaries do not touch so exchange of nutrients is through diffusion
54
unique features of fetal pulmonary circulation
foramen ovale - shunt/hole in the interatrial spetum to reduce amount of blood passing to right ventricle. ductus arteriorsis - shunt/path btw pulmonary trunk & aorta for what blood has left right ventricle to go to lungs
55
unique features in fetal systemic circulation
1. Umbilical a.s branch off internal iliac a.s bring deoxygenated blood to placenta 2. Placenta exchanges gases, nutrients, wastes 3. Umbilical v.s branch off placenta to return oxygenated blood to body 4. Ductus venosus (shunt to bypass liver) where umbilical v. connects to inferior vena cava
56
circulatory changes at birth
1. Loss of umbilical arteries/veins & ductus venosus 2. Ductus arteriosus closes (separating pulmonary and systemic circuits) 3. Infant breathes so pulmonary circuit starts 4. Blood flows into left atria so foramen ovale closes = fossa ovalis
57
circulatory problems at birth
1. foreman ovale doesn't close 2. ductus arteriosus doesn't close 3. Coarctation of aorta - aorta closes so it is critical to develop a collateral circulation
58
conotruncal defects
1. Ventricle Septal Defect - hole between vents 2. Transposition of great vessels - aorta & pulmonary artery are switched 3. Tetralogy of Fallot - RV hypertrophy, ventricular septum defect, large aorta over-rides R/L vents 4. Atrium septal defect - hole between atria 5. Congenital heart defects - septal failures with stenosis
59
fetal structures to adult structures
1. Umbilical v. - ligamentum teres 2. Ductus venosus - ligamentum venosum 3. Foramen ovale - fossa ovalis 4. ductus arteriosus - ligamentum arteriosum 5. R/L umbilical a.s - R/L medial umbilical ligaments
60
lymphatic system functions
1. production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes 2. return interstitial fluid from tissues to blood 3. maintain osmotic balance in peripheral tissues (balanced pressure)
61
lymphopoiesis
production of lymphocytes, occurs in bone marrow, thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues
62
neurovascular bundle
vein, artery, nerve, and lymphatic
63
lymph
fluid similar to plasma but with fewer proteins
64
lymph nodes
small lymphoid organ, widespread have afferent & efferent lymph vessels have a hilum, cortex, medulla, and capsule filtering system for circulating lymph by removing 99% antigens before returning lymph to blood location of macrophages
65
lymphatic vessels
contain valves for 1 way flow of lymph vessels combine to form larger ducts - R lymphatic duct - drains right appendage & head - L lymphatic duct/thoracic duct - drains everything else - both R/L drain to R/L subclavian veins - Azygos duct - posterior wall of thorax - cisterna chyli - swelling beneath diaphragm where all thoracic duct lymph beneath diaphragm meets up - sentinel lymph nodes - biopsied to evaluate progress of metastasized cancer cells
66
chronic edema/elephantiasis nostras
extreme edema
67
wuchereria bancrofti/elephantiasis tropica
parasitic roundworm that blocks fluid in lymphatic system, get from skeeter bite
68
tonsils
encircle the openings of resp/dig system and identify pathogens from inspired air/indigested food
69
pharyngeal tonsil(adenoids)
roof of nasopharynx with air inspiration, air hits this and immune response is sent if harmful particulates are within
70
palatine tonsils
(2) located in sides of mouth at rear of oral cavity monitor inspired air/food
71
lingual tonsil
at root of tongue monitors food intake
72
tonsillectomy adenoidectomy
t - surgical removal of tonsils, typically palatine a - surgical remove of pharyngeal tonsils
73
spleen
largest lymphoid mass/tissue removes/recycles abnormal RBC/WBC stores/recycles iron from RBCs initiate immune responses to specific immunities by B&T cells
74
thymus gland
not in adults, kids need it to build immune system contains lymphocytes: T-cells`
75
GALT
gut - associated lymphoid tissue - immune response within GI tract peyer's patches - lymphoid nodules in ileum to monitor what you eat
76
MALT
mucous - associated lymphoid tissue - lymphomas in duodenum
77
ways to blood dope
1. blood transfusions 2. EPO (erythropoietin) creates new blood cells