Lecture Outline #13: CNS Flashcards by Grace Manz

functions of ns

awareness
coordination & control
memory & learning
establishing patterns of response

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CNS

brain & spinal cord

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PNS nerves

cranial (motor & sensory) & spinal (motor & sensory) (controls skeletal muscle contractions and voluntary/involuntary reflexes) nerves.

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PNS subsections

sensory - visceral (organ information) and somatic (info from body)
motor - ANS and somatic (skeletal muscle (voluntary))

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ANS componants

involuntary visceral - smooth & cardiac muscle

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ANS subsections

sympathetic (thoracolumbar) & parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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ANS sympathetic function

speeds heart & slows GI tract
“fight or flight” response, adrenaline

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ANS parasympathetic function

slows heart & speeds GI tract
“rest & digest” involuntary control
controls smooth muscle contractions (gut & vasculature)

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soma

cell body
contains nucleus & mitochondria
most lack centrioles (can’t divide)

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soma - hilum

proximal stump where nerves regenerate

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dendrites

receive input from environment or other cells

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axon

conducts nerve impulse
hollow extension of soma - cytoplasm
insulated by myelin sheath

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synaptic terminals

output to muscle/gland/nerve

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3 targets for synaptic terminals

synapses with other neurons
neuro-muscular synapses (control)
neuro-glandular synapses (no control)

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structural type of neuron - anaxonic (CNS)

dendrites/axons look alike, no axons
brain & ganglia (processing centers)

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structural type of neuron - bipolar

soma is situated btw dendrite & axon
special sensory cells - sight, smell, hearing

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structural type of neuron - unipolar

soma is situated on one side of dendrite & axon
sensory nerve endings of the PNS

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structural type of neuron - multipolar

several dendrites & single axon
common in CNS, motor nerves, skeletal muscle

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afferent axons

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sensory nerves
brings sensory information to CNS from tissues/organs

afferent axons - exteroreceptors

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somatic (body) - environment info (touch, temp, pain - general sensations)

afferent axons - proprioceptors

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somatic (body) - position of muscles & joints (stretching)

afferent axons - interoceptors

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visceral - internal environment

efferent axons

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motor nerves
carry motor commands from CNS to muscles/glands

efferent axons - somatic motor

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PNS - skeletal muscle

efferent axons - visceral motor

ANS - gut

interneurons - CNS

connect between sensory & motor neurons coordinate sensory input & motor output

difference btw white & grey matter

differ in myeline/insulation amount. white matter - myelination axons, grey matter - unmyelinated axons/cell bodies

white matter locations

CNS - tracts, columns, commissures PNS - nerves

grey matter locations

CNS - nuclei (single function) PNS - ganglia (positional renaming - little brain/processing centers outside CNS)

synapses (chemo-electric signal)

not an electrical charge but ion differential (electrolytes within H2O are ions for electrical potential) 1. chemical gradient passes down along axon 2. neurotransmitter released into synaptic gap 3. Gets cleaned immediately or muscle keeps firing.

nueroglia

structures that support neurons

PNS neuroglia - satellite cells

found in large numbers in ganglia surround neuron cell bodies exchange in nutrients/wastes support & fluid balance

PNS neuroglia - Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

neurilemma - sheath of myeline that surrounds an axon aid in repair/regeneration of damaged nerves similar to oligodendrocytes BUT 1. only associated with a single axon 2. run for a short distance along each axon

CNS neuroglia - astrocytes

wrap around capillaries (blood - brain barrier) involved in growth & repair of neural tissue 3-D structural framework for neurons maintain interstitial fluid balance in neural tissue - support & fluid balance

CNS neuroglia - oligodendrocytes

sheath of myelin wraps axons of several cells insulate each axon from other axons binds multiple neurons together for support have cyto-extensions

CNS neuroglia - microglia

small cells w/ small branches removal (phagocytosis) of debris & pathogens

CNS neuroglia - epindemal

assoc. with CSF lining of neural tubes filtering

PNS CT - endoneurium

Schwann cells around axon

PNS CT - perineurium

bundles several axons into a fascicle

PNS CT - epineurium

bundles several fascicles into a nerve

neuron damage

reattach a nerve - NO potential regrowth of axon within neuroglia & CT axon distal to neuron dies severed nerve can grow back together but could misalign

Demyelination pathologies characteristics

occur in CNS & PNS, varying degree of numbness/paralysis, caused by poisoning, disease, and genetics

demyelination pathology - posions

Heavy metal - mercury and lead Pesticides - roundup

demyelination pathology - disease

diphtheria

demyelination pathology - immune system dysfunction

Guillain - Barre Syndrome - autoimmune disease, attacks myeline (PNS), weakness, tingling, paralysis Multiple sclerosis - attacks myelin (CNS), find in the mind Alzheimer's - environmental aspects, demyelinate axons

rabies virus

body-fluid transfer, travels from bite along PNS to CNS Lyssavirus symptoms - travels retrograde from PNS to CNS, showing symptoms - 100% mortality

Lecture Outline #13: CNS Flashcards

(46 cards)