Lecture Outline #24: Digestive System Flashcards

Question

incisors

Answer 1

8 of them 1 root blade-shaped cusp for chisling

Answer 2

4 of them 1 root conical-pointing cusp for holding onto things

Answer 3

8 2 premolars 1-2 roots blade-like cusps

Answer 4

8-12 of them 3-4 roots large-flattened crowns for grinding

Answer 5

around 20 teeth that erupt between 6 mo to 2 yrs

Answer 6

around 28-32 teeth that erupt around 6-21 yrs

Answer 7

surrounds tooth root, lose tooth=loose process

Answer 8

align and straighten teeth

Answer 9

grow sideways into another tooth on lower jaw = not bad on upper jaw = roots of teeth are in maxillary sinus so when you take out teeth, there is a connection of sinus and oral cavity for air to flow

Answer 10

procedure where drill is pushed through enamel all the way to the root and take the pulp out. The tooth is filled with a hard compound

Answer 11

bony growth on medial side of mandible

Answer 12

innermost tunic for surface area and protection made of mucous membrane ANS controls mucous secretions that protect gut lining rugae (plicae circularis) for pleated appearance/more SA epithelium is supported by lamina propria (CT) villi (columnar epithelium/Goblet cells) for SA for more nutrient exchange

Answer 13

contains exocrine glands for enzyme secretion is highly vascular (NAVLS) for absorption of nutrients has ANS fibers called meissner's plexus to control exocrine secretions

Answer 14

2 muscle layers for peristalsis = muscular directional contractions, the further the stretch of m.s the harder the contraction inner layer - circularis m.s to pinch food, decreases diameter and increases length outer layer - longitudinal m.s to shorten food, decrease tube length and increase diameter myenteric plexus (of ANS fiber) controls peristalsis/segmentation (mixing) of chyme

Answer 15

outermost layer is a serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)

Answer 16

collapsible muscular tube of inner & outer muscularis layers, submucosa & mucosa. extends from pharynx to stomach through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm

Answer 17

1. foot enters oral cavity 2. mastication - bolus formation 3. bolus moves to back of mouth to swallow 4. soft palate rises to close nasal cavity 5. epiglottis lowers over trachea 6. bolus is swallowed into esophagus

Answer 18

1. cardia - entrance to stomach with cardiac sphincter 2. fundus - bulging domed aspect 3. Body - with greater and lesser curvatures w/ respective omentums 4. pylorus - end of stomach with strong pyloric sphincter

Answer 19

3 layers of m.s (outer, inner, and oblique layers) to squish and churn food to lower pH level of 2 internal surface is covered in rugae produces gastric juices (HCl, pepsin, rennin) to kill bacteria and mucous to protect walls from gastric juices stores ethanol, water, and aspirin which goes directly into bloodstream

Answer 20

open sore in the stomach lining

Answer 21

chronic condition when stomach acids leak back into esophagus through cardiac sphincter

Answer 22

birth defect that occurs when diaphragm doesn't form properly, leaving a hole that allows abdominal organs - mainly stomach - to move into chest cavity

Answer 23

a large portion of the stomach or other bowel organs are pushed up into the chest

Answer 24

a portion of the stomach penetrates the hiatus of the diaphragm, esophagus and stomach slide up

Answer 25

mucosa has plicae circularis and villi to increase SA as well as microvilli Is 20 - 25 ft long with three parts (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)

Answer 26

8-12 inches long place where pH neutralization occurs to bring pH level up to 7 (buffers do this) mixing bowl of chyme submucosal glands produce mucous & buffers mucosa layer is thin contains MALT & peyers patches hepatopancreatic sphincter is below duodenal papilla

Answer 27

7-9 feet long dense mucosa majority of digestion, some absorption functions are done through enzymes secreted from pancreas through duodenum and combined with jejunum's own enzymes

Answer 28

8-14 feet long medium thickness mucosa final digestion, majority absorption contains GALT ileocecal valve - controls flow of chyme into cecum

Answer 29

no plicae circularis, less absorption of nutrients

Answer 30

where dehydration, absorption, and compaction of chyme occurs which becomes feces. 5 feet long, big lumen, and has less longitudinal & circularis m.s so feces is slow moving haustra - pouches formed by colon musculature, where circular m.s meet tenia coli - 3 longitudinal ribbons of muscle that come together at vermiform appendix epiploic appendages - fat

Answer 31

cecum ascending colon (10-16") hepatic/right colic flexure - beneath liver transverse/mid colon (10-16") splenic/left colic flexure - beneath spleen descending colon (10-16") sigmoid flexure sigmoid colon (8-16")

Answer 32

vestigial remnant blind pocket with little lymphoid function

Answer 33

1. out-pocketing of colon wall 2. abnormal diverticula (small pouches/hernias) that form on colon walls 3. inflammation of abnormal diverticula mainly in sigmoid colon, can pop once it swells enough and feces gets into peritoneum and abdominal cavity = sepsis

Answer 34

at splenic flexure, that last third of tract is innervated by pudendal nerve, everything above is vagus nerve

Answer 35

6-8" long contains baroreceptors to monitor pressure highly muscular termination of colon when feces enter - urge to defecate epithelium is keratinized - abrasion-resistant

Answer 36

muscular valves at terminus of rectum = verge-pockets that hold feces contain baroreceptors internal anal sphincter - ANS involuntary smooth m. external anal sphincter - voluntary skeletal m. can get internal & external hemorrhoids

Answer 37

(food) through orbicularis oris (bolus) - oral cavity - oropharynx - esophagus - through cardiac sphincter (chyme) - stomach - through pyloric sphincter - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - through ileocecal valve (feces) - cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - through external anal sphincter - through internal anal sphincter - anus

Answer 38

resection of portion of gut defecate through small intestine stoma, whole LI is taken out

Answer 39

resection of a portion of gut stoma in abdominal wall for defection rectum & anus is taken out

Answer 40

largest organ in body large blood reservoir has R/L lobes, caudate & quadrate (gallbladder) lobes metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids stores vitamins and minerals detoxify/remove waste products (ammonia/urea) inactivate/remove various drugs & hormones produce bile to emulsify lipids

Answer 41

common hepatic artery from celiac trunk of aorta to become hepatic proper artery arteries through capillary beds in GI = hepatic portal v.s hepatic veins return blood to IVC

Answer 42

hollow, thin muscular sac for storing excess bile has a fundus (ending), body, and neck

Answer 43

makes feces brown produced by liver to emulsify lipids = not digest but take apart food to increase SA, lipase breaks down

Answer 44

regulatory m. if constricted (no food) = bile backs up into common bile duct to cystic duct (2-way) and into gallbladder for storage if dilated (food) = gallbladder contracts and inject bile into duodenum

Answer 45

inflammation of gallbladder

Answer 46

presence of gallstones in gallbladder stones are normally cholesterol based and can get stuck in cystic duct

Answer 47

destruction of hepatocytes due to: 1. exposure to drugs (ethanol replaces hepatic tissue with scar tissue = decrease function) 2. viral infection (hep C) 3. blockage of hepatic ducts

Answer 48

if blood cannot drain via HPV, finds alternate routes - thrombosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis found in liver - back from through several portocaval anastomes - metabolizes escape

Answer 49

elongate organ with lumpy, granular texture located btw stomach & duodenum highly vascular - drains to HPV endocrine f(x)s - 1% exocrine f(x)s - 99%

Answer 50

uses blood secretions - through hepatic portal system 1. glucagon - raises glucose levels in blood 2. insulin - lowers blood glucose levels can get diabetes II if eating an overabundance of starches and sugars

Answer 51

uses ducts secretions - enzymes - through pancreatic duct into duodenum 1. proteinases - degrade proteins 2. lipases - degrade fats 3. nucleases - degrade DNA & RNA

Answer 52

not enough lactase enzymes food ferments in GI hydrogen & methane produced = bloated

Answer 53

abrasion resistant 1. parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum covers organs

Answer 54

BVs go through these to organs, supports/protects NAVLs durable, double layer of serous membrane suspends GI tract from walls of cavity

Answer 55

full of serous fluids GI tract is not in it but goes through it

Answer 56

pass through peritoneal cavity organ is free moving suspended by a mesentery jejunum & ileum

Answer 57

initially free-moving, suspended by a mesentary in the cavity, now moved behind peritoneum organ is stationary only laminated on one side duodenum pancreas asc & desc colon

Answer 58

outside peritoneal cavity easy surgical access organ is stationary urogenital system abdominal aorta IVC kidneys

Answer 59

encloses the jejunum & ileum

Answer 60

suspends transverse & sigmoid colons

Answer 61

btw stomach & liver with common bile duct running within

Answer 62

extends from greater curvature site of fat storage & fights infections stomach to transverse colon creates a double layer over small intestine

Answer 63

suspends liver from diaphragm

Answer 64

btw liver & abdominal wall @ umbilicus contains ligamentum venosum

Answer 65

ventral mesentary

Lecture Outline #24: Digestive System Flashcards

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