Lecture Outline #16: Cranial nerves & endocrine system

Question 1

5 types of cranial nerves

Answer 1

somatic afferent
somatic efferent
visceral afferent
visceral efferent
special sensory afferent

Question 2

somatic afferent

Answer 2

skin, skeletal muscles, joints to the CNS

Question 3

somatic efferent

Answer 3

CNS to skin, skeletal muscles, joints

Question 4

visceral afferent

Answer 4

BVs, gut, lungs to the CNS

Question 5

visceral efferent

Answer 5

CNS to BVs, gut, lungs

Question 6

special sensory afferent

Answer 6

ears, eyes, nose, tongue
CNs I, II,VIII

Question 7

CN I source

Answer 7

up superior & middle conchae through olfactory epithelium

Question 8

CN V trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 8

neuropathic disorder, pressure on the nerve

Question 9

CN VII Bells palsy

Answer 9

injury/infection within facial canal, regional paralysis, tears and smell stop working on that side

Question 10

CN X dural sinus & type of nerve

Answer 10

sigmoid sinus leads to this nerve around jugular foramen, parasympathetic nerve

Question 11

ANS Organ function

Answer 11

balance between sym & para-sym stimulation, only one can be elevated

Question 12

ANS motor fiber

Answer 12

pre-ganglionic fiber - synapse onto autonomic ganglia throughout body
post-ganglionic fiber - synapse onto target organ

Question 13

sym - fight/flight response

Answer 13

mental alertness, increased metabolic, respiratory, and heart rate, stops UG/GI functions and blood supply

Question 14

sym - thoracolumbar division

Answer 14

pre-gang fibers exit from T1-L2 & have NAVLs with them
pre & post gang fibers are similar in length

Question 15

sympathetic chain ganglia - para-vertebral ganglia

Answer 15

segmental autonomic ganglia
located along posterior body wall T1-L2
integrates spinal levels - C6-Co1
MOST pre-gang fibers pass thru chain ganglia
SOME pre-gang fibers synapse @ chain ganglia
SOME post-gang fibers synapse @ chain ganglia
SOME post-gang gibers synapse @ collateral ganglia

Question 16

collateral ganglia - pre-vertebral ganglia

Answer 16

adjunct to chain ganglia, often travel w/gut vasculature

Question 17

sympathetic neurotransmitters

Answer 17

pre-gang acetylcholine (AcH) - short-acting, para-sym responses are of short duration, system easily turned off
post-gang norepinephrine (NE) - long-acting, sym responses may be of long duration, system not easily turned off, CN III(pupil size increase), VII, IX (dry mouth)

Question 18

para-sym rest/digest response

Answer 18

decreases metabolism, respiratory, & heart rate, activates salivary/digestive glands, increases activity & blood supply of/to UG/GI organs & defecation

Question 19

para-sym - craniosacral division

Answer 19

MOST pre-gang fibers bundled w/ CNS III (pupil decrease), VII, IX (increase salivation), X (pudendal n)
SOME pre-gang fibers bundled with S2-4
Pre-gang fibers are longer than post

Question 20

parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 20

located at/near targets

Question 21

para
sym - neurotransmitters

Answer 21

both pre & post gang fibers utilize AcH

Question 22

time - nt

Answer 22

AcH - fast (millisec)
NE - slower (more millisec)

Question 23

duration - nt

Answer 23

AcH - short (sec)
NE - long (min)

Question 24

bv - nt

Answer 24

AcH - contrict
NE - dilate

Question 25

pupils - nt

Answer 25

AcH - contrict NE - dilate

Question 26

gut - nt

Answer 26

AcH - increase activity NE - decrease activity

Question 27

sympathetic reflexes

Answer 27

cardiac, vasomotor, pupil size increase, orgasm

Question 28

parasympathetic reflexes

Answer 28

gut motility, defecation, vomiting, swallowing, urination, pupil size decrease, coughing, baroreceptors

Question 29

what effects does AcH have on the heart

Answer 29

decrease the rate of contractions

Question 30

homeostasis

Answer 30

maintain the status quo - hormone, temp, ph levels constantly go up and down

Question 31

ns instruction to target organ

Answer 31

via cranial/peripheral n.s localized effects on target short-term effects w/ immediate recovery

Question 32

endocrine s instruction to target organ

Answer 32

via chemical messages - hormone via blood supply widespread, systemic affects long term effects w/ slow recovery

Question 33

hormone activity

Answer 33

endocrine glands have capillary glands hormones enter blood stream and circulate through body - broken down in liver or enzymes in blood - filtered by kidneys - lost thru urine

Question 34

how do hormone alter cellular function

Answer 34

1. penetrate cell & enter nucleus 2. attach to specific DNA segments 3. stimulate new protein/enzyme synthesis