Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 9 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 9 Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What color does blood have under what circumstances?

A

scarlet/bright red - oxygen rich

dark red - oxygen poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45
slightly alkaline
kidneys and lungs maintain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38 degrees celsius

slightly higher than normal body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the average volume of blood in men and women?

A

men - 5-6 L

women - 4-5 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A

transport and distribution
regulation
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how blood transports and distributes

A

oxygens from the lungs
nutrients from the digestive tract
metabolic wastes from cells to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination
hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the liver excrete wastes?

A

converts hydrophilic substances into hydrophobic substances

excretes these molecules with bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe how blood regulates the body

A

maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
uses buffer system to maintain normal pH in body tissues
regulates fluid volume in the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe how blood protects the body?

A

prevents fluid/blood loss by activating plasma proteins and platelets and initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken
prevents infection by synthesizing and utilizing antibodies and activating complement proteins and WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders - both intracellular and extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does bloody vaguely consist of?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

the percentage of volume of RBCs in the total blood volume

~45% typically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is plasma?

A

a fluid extracellular matrix that consists of water (91%), plasma proteins (7%), organic solutes (1%), and inorganic solutes (1%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe plasma proteins

A

large molecules synthesized in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are plasma proteins responsible for?

A

too large to leak out of the vessels and are therefore responsible for osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different types of plasma proteins?

A

albumin
clotting proteins
gamma globulins
alpha and beta globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the organic solutes found in plasma?

A

nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids)
waste products (urea, uric acid)
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What inorganic solutes are found in plasma?

A 
mostly ions
chloride
sodium
potassium
calcium
iron
phosphate
bicarbonate
other minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What gasses are found in blood?

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many of each type of blood cell are there?

A

RBC - 4-6 million/microliter, live 3-4 months
WBC - 5-10 thousand/microliter, live for years
thrombocytes - 150-400 thousand/microliter 7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe hematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cells

occurs in the red bone marrox of the axial skeleton and girdles, and the epiphyses of the humerus and femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe hemocytoblasts

A

give rise to all formed elements in blood
may remain uncommitted, pluripotential stem cells and continue to proliferate, or differentiate into precursors for WBC, RBC, or platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

quick and easy test that includes hematocrit, hemoglobin, and formed element count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a chemistry profile?

A

may be subdivided into a few tests

measures electrolytes, glucose, lipids, heart and liver enzymes, creatinine, bilirubin, urea, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does prothrombin time evaluate?

A

hemostasis
platelet count
pt’s blood clotting properties are examined
if PT is too fast, anti coagulant may be prescribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe leukocytes (WBCs)
the only blood components that are complete cells make up on 1% total blood volume normal count is 5000-10000/mm^3
26
What is leukocytosis?
an increase of a WBC count over 11000/mm^3 this is a normal response to inflammation all cells are mature
27
What is leukemia?
also an increase of WBC in the blood stream blasts appear in the peripheral blood all immature cells that are incapable of normal function
28
What is diapedesis?
WBCs leave capillaries and move through interstitial spaces?
29
What are the two divisions of WBCs?
agranulocytes | granulocytes, which contain granules in cytoplasm and their nucleus is usually segmented into loves
30
What are neutrophils?
granulocytes with both pink and purple granules highly lobulated nucleus - polymorphonuclear leukocytes compose 50-70% WBC count
31
What is the major function of neutrophils?
phagocytosis | especially in response to bacterial infections
32
What are eosinophils?
granulocytes with pink acidophilic granules and lobulated nucleus compose 1-4% of WBC count
33
What is the major function of eosinophils?
secretion of toxic materials to kill parasites | phagocytosis of parasites, which can be unicellular or multicellular
34
What are basophils?
granulocytes with purple granules and a lobulated nucleus | 0.5-1% WBC count
35
What is the major function of basophils? Provide examples
secretion of chemicals that promote inflammation ex: histamine causes vasodilation and attracts WBCS heparin slows clotting
36
What are monocytes?
agranulocytes with horseshoe-shaped nucleus nucleus may contain bubbles 2-8% WBC count
37
What is the major function of monocytes?
phagocytosis | migrate into tissue (diapedesis) and become macrophages
38
What are lymphocytes?
agranulocytes with a large round nucleus | 20-40% WBC count
39
What is the major function of lymphocytes?
immune response | some secrete toxic chemicals, others are more directly involved in an immune response
40
What is leukopoiesis?
formation of leukocytes | all leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts
41
What is the route of hemocytoblast development into WBCs?
hemocytoblast -> myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cell Myeloid cell -> myeloblasts or monoblasts lymphoid stem cell -> lymphoblast Myeloblast -> eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil lymphoblast -> lymphocyte
42
Describe erythrocytes
biconcave discs no nucleus essentially without organelles filled with hemoglobin, which is a protein dedicated to respiratory gas transport
43
What does sickle cell anemia cause?
sickle shaped RBCs inefficient O2 transport sickle shape plugs capillaries
44
Describe what hemoglobin does
binds reversible with O2 | can transport 4 O2 at a time
45
Describe the anatomy of hemoglobin
composed of the protein globin, which is comprise of two alpha and two beta chains each chain binds to a heme group each heme group bears an atom of iron, which can bind to one oxygen
46
What are the three states hemoglobin can be found in?
deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hb) oxyhemoglobin (bound to O2) carbaminohemoglobin (bound to CO2)
47
What binds to hemoglobin irreversibly?
carbon monoxide
48
What are normal concentrations of RBCs in men? women?
Men - 13-18 g/dL | female - 12-16 g/dL
49
Describe what happens to oxygen in the lungs
greater pressure of oxygen gas from the air forces oxygen into the blood O2 binds to reduced hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin Hb +4O2 -> Hb-O2
50
What happens to carbon dioxide in the lungs?
carbon dioxide pressure in the air is less than in the blood carbon dioxide breaks off from carbaminohemoglobin and diffuses into the air in the lungs Hb-CO2 -> Hb + 2CO2
51
What happens to oxygen in the tissues?
oxygen pressure is less than in the blood oxygen oxygen breaks off from oxyhemoglobin and diffuses into the tissues Hb-O2 -? Hb + 4O2
52
What happens to carbon dioxide in the tissues?
it is released into the blood and partially binds to a reduced hemoglobin Hb + 2CO2 -> Hb-CO2
53
Where else can carbon dioxide travel in the body and what does this cause?
can form bicarbonate ions in plasma CO2 + H2O -> H2CO -> H+ + CO3- makes blood more acidic
54
What is the hierarchy of erythropoiesis?
hemocytoblast -> myeloid stem cell myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast (committed at this point) proerythroblasts -> early erythroblasts synthesize a lot of Hb, become normoblast normoblast loses nucleus -> reticulocyte reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
55
How is erythropoiesis regulated?
the hormone erythropoietin | stimulates RBC production
56
What produces erythropoietin and what conditions cause stimulation of its production?
produced by the kidneys | triggered by hypoxia due to decreased RBCs, decreased O2 availability, or increased tissue demand for O2
57
What is a typical life span of an erythrocyte?
100-120 days
58
What happens to dying erythrocytes?
engulfed by macrophages | Hb is destroyed and dissasembled into heme and globin
59
What happens to the heme of a destroyed RBC
stripped of its iron degraded into a yellow pigment called bilirubin conjugated and excreted by the liver iron is stored and reused in synthesis of new Hb
60
What happens to the iron of degraded RBCs?
stored in the liver and spleen transported in blood by transferrin *read this in the book
61
What happens to the globin of broken down RBCs?
metabolized into amino acids released into the circulation recycled in synthesis of protein
62
What happens to bilirubin in the liver?
it is bound with glocuronic acid formin conjugated (direct) bilirubin excreted with bile into the GI tract metabolized into urobilinogen (excreted with urine) and sterocobilin (excreted with feces)
63
What causes jaundice?
results when bilirubin is not removed from the blood
64
What occurs during pre hepatic jaundic?
``` too much RBC destruction genetic disorder (i think? notes unclear pls google) ```
65
What occurs during hepatocellular jaundice?
liver fails to perform its function
66
What happens during sub hepatic jaundice?
bilirubin is not being secreted well
67
Describe platelets/thrombocytes
formed in the bone marrow from cells called megakaryocytes remain functional for about 7-10 days no nucleus can secrete variety of substances and can contract
68
What is the normal concentration of thrombocytes?
150-400 thousand/mm^3
69
What is the hierarchy of the formation of platelets?
hemocytoblasts -> megakaryoblasts - > promegakaryocytes - >megakaryocytea - > thrombocytes
70
What is hemostasis ultimately for?
to stop bleeding
71
What are the four stages of hemostasis?
vascular spasm platelet plug formation coagulation clot retraction
72
What happens during vascular spasm?
immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury | smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel contracts
73
What does a vascular spasm accomplish?
may reduce blood flow and blood loss | will not stop blood loss
74
What happens during platelet plug formation?
platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug release serotonin and ADP, which attracts more platelets
75
What happens during coagulation (vague)?
a set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
76
What happens during the final three steps of coagulation?
formation of prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin to thrombin thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
77
What initiates the final three steps in coagulation?
a cascade of reactions either intrinsic or extrinsic generally both mechanisms work simultaneously
78
What is significant about fibrin?
all proteins are dissolvable in plasma except fibrin
79
Which route is faster - extrinsic or intrinsic?
extrinsic | fewer steps
80
What happens during clot retraction?
tightening of the clot platelets trapped within the clot contract fibrin mesh shrinks damaged vessel edges are pulled closer
81
What is fibrinolysis?
dissolution of a clot
82
How is fibrinolysis achieved?
plasminogen is activated by many factors becomes plasmin plasmin breaks down fibrin mesh phagocytic WBCs remove the products
83
What does platelet derived growth factor do?
stimulates smooth muscles and fibroblasts to repair damage
84
How is clotting limited?
swift removal of clotting factors by rapid blood flow | inhibition of clotting factors by antithrombin III
85
What is antithrombin III?
deactivated thrombin that is not attached to fibrin

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions