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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 8 Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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3
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

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4
Q

Describe the components of arterial and venous walls

A

composed of three tunics: tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
surround the central blood-containing space, the lumen

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5
Q

Describe the tunica interna

A

endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels

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6
Q

What is found in vessels larger than 1 mm?

A

a subendothelial layer of connective tissue is present

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7
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

consists of smooth muscle and an elastic. fiber layer
regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
controls the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels

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8
Q

Describe the tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

A

contains collagen fibers that protect and reinforce the vessel wall

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9
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries and large veins

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10
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

thick-walled arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches)
contain elastin

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11
Q

What does the elastic in elastic arteries do?

A

help withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations
allow blood to flow fairly continuously through the body

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12
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A 
found distal to elastic arteries
deliver blood to organs
thick tunica media
more smooth muscle
less elastic tissue
active in vasoconstriction
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13
Q

What are arterioles?

A

the smalles arteries
lead to capillary beds
control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction

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14
Q

What is blood pressure defined as?

A

the force per unit area exerted by blood on the vessel wall
expressed in mm Hg
measured in reference to systemic arterial BP in the large arteries near the heart

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15
Q

What do the differences in BP provide?

A

the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

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16
Q

What is resistance defined as?

A

the opposition to flow

measures the amount of friction that the blood encounters as it passes through the vessels

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17
Q

What are the three important sources of resistance?

A

blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
blood vessel diameter

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18
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

represents thickness or stickiness of blood
directly proportional to resistance
R goes up, BF goes down

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19
Q

How does blood vessel length affect resistance?

A

the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance encountered

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20
Q

How does vessel diameter affect resistance?

A

changes in vessel diameter are frequent and most significant to peripheral resistance
small-diameter arterioles are the major determinants of peripheral resistance

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21
Q

What is blood flow defined as?

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period of time
measured in mL/min

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22
Q

What does blood flow throughout the entire vascular system equate to?

A

Cardiac output

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23
Q

How does blood flow compare throughout organs?

A

varies wildly through individual organs

dependent on its immediate needs

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24
Q

What is blood flow directly proportional to?

A

change in blood pressure between two points in the circulatory pathway

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25
Describe how change in pressure and blood flow affect each other in terms of up and down
if change in pressure increases, blood flow increases | if change in pressure decreases, blood flow decreases
26
What is blood flow inversely proportional to?
resistance
27
Describe how resistance and blood flow affect each other in terms of up and down
If resistance increases, blood flow decreases
28
What is the equation to calculate blood flow?
pressure gradient/resistance
29
When is pressure resulted in the vascular system,?
when flow is opposed by resistance
30
Describe systemic pressure throughout the cardiovascular system
highest in the aorta | declines throughout the length of the pathway
31
Where is systemic pressure 0 mmHg?
right atrium
32
Where does the steepest change of systemic pressure occur?
the arterioles
33
What is blood pressure like in the elastic arteries near the heart?
pulsatile
34
What is systolic pressure?
the pressure exerted on the arterial walls during ventricular contraction normal value is less than 120 mmHg
35
What is diastolic pressure?
lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle | normal value is less than 80 mmHg
36
What is pulse pressure?
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure | P pulse = P systolic - P diastolic
37
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues | MAP = P diastolic + 1/3 P pulse
38
What two factors does arterial blood pressure reflect?
their elasticity | the amount of blood force into them at any given time
39
How is blood pressure maintained?
through cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and the brain
40
What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?
cardiac output peripheral resistance blood volume BP = CO * PR
41
What are short-term controls in regulating blood pressure?
mediated by the nervous system and blood-borne chemicals that counteract moment-to-moment fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance
42
What are long-term controls in regulating blood pressure?
These just regulate blood volume
43
What does high blood pressure do to baroreceptors?
increases stimulation of baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses stimulus is processed by the cardiovascular center
44
What does high blood pressure result in in regards to the nervous system?
``` increase in parasympathetic activity - decreases heart rate and contractility leads to decrease of CO and therefore BP sympathetic activity decreased decrease in peripheral resistance decrease BP ```
45
What does declining BP do to baroreceptors?
decreases rate of firing | stimulus is processed by the cardiovascular center
46
What does declining blood pressure result in in regards to the nervous system?
``` sympathetic stimulation vasoconstriction increase in peripheral vascular resistance increase in heart rate and contractility increase CO BP rises back to normal ```
47
How have baroreceptors adapted to chronic increased BP?
stimulates the kidneys to elimnate water, thus reducing BP
48
How have baroreceptors adapted to chronic reduced BP?
stimulates the kidneys to increase blood volume and VP | kidneys act directly and indirectly to maintain long-term blood pressure
49
What does the direct renal mechanism lead to in increased BP?
increase urine production lower blood volume decrease BP
50
What does the direct renal mechanism lead to in reduced BP?
renin-angiotensin mechanism renin is released by the kidneys renin converts blood-born angiotensinogen into angiotensin I angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) further converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
51
What effects does angiotensin II have?
potent vasoconstrictor which increases resistance and BP stimulates aldosterone and ADH secretion these enhance renal reabsorption and lead to water retention BV leads to preload increase and SV, CO, BP increase
52
What do capillary walls consist of?
thin tunica interna, one cell thick | lumen only allows one RBC to pass at a time
53
What are continuous capillaries?
abundant in the skin and muscles have endothelial cells that provide an uninterrupted lining adjacent cells held together with tight junctions
54
What allows passage of fluids in continuous capillaries?
intercellular clefts of unjointed membranes
55
What are fenestrated capillaries?
found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs characterized by fenestrations (pores) and are more permeable to solutes and fluids than other capillaries
56
What are sinusoids?
highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues
57
Where are sinusoids found?
liver bone marrow lymphoid tissue some endocrine organs
58
What are metarterioles?
a thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule
59
Describe the capillary pathway
microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries consists of vascular shunts true capillaries that branch off the metarteriole return to the thoroughfare channel at the distal end of the bed ***review in book*** worded horribly in notes
60
What are precapillary phincters?
contain smooth muscle cells surround each true capillary regulate blood flow into it
61
What regulates blood flow through the capillary bed?
vasomotor nerves local chemical conditions it can either bypass or flood the capillary bed
62
What are venules?
formed when capillary beds unite
63
What happens in capillary exchange?
O2, CO2, nutrients, and metabolic wastes diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluids along concentration gradients
64
What passes FROM blood TO tissues in capillary exchange?
O2 | nutrients
65
What passes TO blood FROM tissues in capillary exchange?
CO2 | metabolic wastes
66
What types of molecules travel through what type of passageways in capillary exchange?
water-soluble solutes pass through clefts and fenestrations | lipid-soluble molecules diffuse directly through endothelial membranes
67
What is capillary filtration subjective to?
direction and the amount of fluid flow depend upon the difference between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure
68
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
the pressure of blood on the capillary walls | forces fluids through the capillary walls
69
Describe hydrostatic pressure throughout a capillary bed
because of the resistance, HPc is greater at the arterial end of a bed than at the venular end very little fluid in interstitial space, so HPc on capillary wall by interstitial fluid is very small
70
What is osmotic pressure?
the pull of water exerted by large non-diffusible molecules
71
What causes capillary osmotic pressure?
non-diffusible plasma proteins | these draw water to themselves
72
What is interstitial osmotic pressure?
Created by the few proteins in the interstitial space | small
73
How is net filtration pressure calculated?
NFP = P out - P in = (HPc + OPi) - (HPi + OPc)
74
What happens when NFP is positive? Negative?
positive - filtration takes place | negative - reabsorption takes place
75
What is the lymphatic system?
excessive fluid is filtered from the capillaries and is returned to general circulation via the lymphatic system
76
What are lymphatic capillaries?
blind ended and extremely porous capillaries that lie in the interstitial spaces aid in reabsorption of interstitial fluid assemble into lymphatic ducts
77
Where do lymphatic capillaries travel to?
pass through lymph nodes and drain into subclavian veins
78
What are lymph nodes?
a site of immune defense
79
Describe the right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from the right side of the body above the diagram
80
Describe the thoracic duct
drains the lymph from the left side of the body above the diaphragm and all the body below the diaphragm
81
What are venules?
formed when capillary beds unite
82
What forms veins?
formed by converging venules

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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