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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 10 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three lines of defense in immunity?

A

surface barriers - nonspecific
inflammation response - nonspecific
specific immune response - specific obv lol

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2
Q

How are skin and mucosae surface barriers?

A

they are impervious to pathogenic agents

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3
Q

How is keratin a surface barrier?

A

resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

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4
Q

How are epithelial membranes a surface barrier?

A 
produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganimas
skin acidity (pH 3-5) inhibits bacterial growth
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5
Q

How is sebum a surface barrier?

A

contains chemicals toxic to bacteria

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6
Q

How is stomach mucosae a surface barrier?

A

secrete concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes

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7
Q

How are saliva and lacrimal a surface barrier?

A

contain lysozye

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8
Q

How is mucus a surface barrier?

A

traps microorganisms that enter the digestve and respiratory systems

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9
Q

How is the ciliated respiratory tract a surface barrier?

A

sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

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10
Q

What happens during inflammatory response (vague)?

A

pathogen is recognized by phagocytes and natural killers

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11
Q

How do natural killers act on pathogens?

A

the recognize the lack of self-antigen (MHC type I)

react nonspecifically by releasing cytolytic chemicals (perforins)

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12
Q

What do perforins do and what did they develop from?

A

lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells

develop from lymphocytes

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13
Q

How are phagocytes involved in the inflammatory response?

A

They initiate the inflammatory response
macrophages are the chief phagocyte
include variety of cells
most cells bind and ingest a wide range of bacteria

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14
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

interstitial spaces of most tissues

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15
Q

What happens to neutrophils when they encounter a bacteria?

A

become phagocytic cell

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16
Q

What are two examples of fixed macrophages?

A

kupffer cells - liver

microglia - brain

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17
Q

What is interferon?

A

produced by virus-infected cells and works to alert healthy cells of possible infection
activate macrophages and lymphocytes

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18
Q

How does interferon act on cells?

A

when a host cell invades, IFN is synthesized
interferon leaves infected cells and goes to neighboring cells
stimulates neighboring cells to produce PKR - antiviral protein
PKR nonspecifically blocks viral reproduction

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19
Q

What is complement?

A

a group of ~20 proteins that enhance inflammation and phagocytosis
able to create permanent hole on the cellular membrane resulting in its lysis
enhance effectiveness of other defenses

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20
Q

What type of cells do complement proteins act upon?

A

bacteria and certain other cell types

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21
Q

What is inflammation?

A

a normal tissue response to injury

triggered whenever the tissues are injured

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22
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

prevent the spread of damging agents to nearby tissues
dispose of cell debris and pathogens
set the stage for the repair process

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23
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A 
redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
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24
Q

What is inflammatory response initiated?

A

when tissue macrophages encounter foreign antigens and release chemical mediators of inflammation

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25
What are some examples of chemical mediators of inflammation
histamine cytokine bradykinin prostaglandins
26
What does histamine do?
causes arteriolar dilation and increased permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins primary mediator of inflammatory response
27
What does bradykinin
causes arteriolar changes plays an important role in chemotaxis sensitizes pain receptors
28
What do prostaglandins do?
lipids potentiate the effects of histamine and bradykinin sensitize painr eceptors apirin inhibits these
29
What do mediators of inflammation do?
cause small local blood vessels to dilate | results in hyperemia (redness)
30
What does the permeability of the capillaries do?
increases fluid which contains proteins clotting factors antibodies (exudate)
31
What does exudate do?
helps dilute harmful substances brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients clotting proteins prevent spread of bacteria
32
How is fever initiated in inflammation response?
macrophages release pyrogens, which activate the hypothalamus this resets the body's thermostat
33
What is the purpose of fever?
inhibits reproduction of viruses and bacteria increase interferon activity increase metabolic rates, which induce healing
34
What happens are the stages of neutrophils reacting during inflammatory response?
leukocytosis - increased number released from bone marrow margination - neutrophils cling to vessel walls diapedesis - they squeeze through the capillary walls chemotaxis - mediators chemically attract the neutrophils
35
Give a vague timeline of the life of neutrophils
They are the first cells to migrate to site of infection engulf pathogens they do not survive phagocytosis die
36
What is pus?
dead neutrophils
37
What happens to monocytes during inflammation?
they follow the neutrophils enter tissues become macrophages remove cellular debris
38
What is the adaptive immune system?
a functional defense system that is specific to the pathogen acts systematically can develop "memory" to quickly recognize pathogens previously encountered
39
What are the three steps in the adaptive immune system?
recognition of foreign antigens by specific immune cells activation of immune cells targeted response through two separate but overlapping arms: humoral - antibody mediated cellular - cell-mediated
40
What are antigens?
substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response
41
What are some examples of the complete antigens?
non-self proteins nucleic acid some lipids large polysaccharides
42
What is the active center on an antigen?
epitope | antigenic determinant
43
What are the three properties of antigens?
immunogenicity - ability to elicit an immune response reactivity - ability to react with antibodies specificity - only react with a specific kind of antibody
44
What are haptens?
incomplete antigens small molecules, such as peptides, nucleotides, and many hormones not immunogenic
45
What happens when haptens bind to self-proteins?
may be recognized as foreign, causing allergic reaction
46
Where are haptens found?
poison ivy dander some detergents cosmetics
47
What do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins do?
hold antigens of the surface of cells so lymphocytes can find them
48
What are MHC class I molecules?
``` found on all cells show endogenous (self) antigens interact with CD8 proteins on T-cells ```
49
What are MHC class II molecules?
found only on antigen presenting cells show exogenous antigens (collected from other organism) interact with CD4 proteins on T-cells
50
What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
dendritic cells macrophages activated B cells
51
What do APCs do?
``` do not respond to specific antigens engulf foreign particles and present fragments of antigens on their own surfaces (MHC class II) to be recognized by T and B cells ```
52
What do B-lymphocytes do?
produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity
53
What do T-lymphocytes do?
non-antibody-producing cells | constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity
54
Give an overview of lymphocyte production
produced in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts into lymphoblast then mature in primary lymphoid organs B-lymphocytes mature in bone marrow T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus
55
What do lymphocytes gain during maturation?
self-tolerance - ability to recognize and not react to self-antigens immunocompetence - ability to recognize one type of foreign antigen seeded in secondary organs - lymph nodes and spleen
56
What happens during antigen presentation?
APCs first encounter the foreign organ and phagocytize it bacterium is broken down within the phagosome fragments are presented on the surface of the macrophage in association with its MHC II receptors
57
What happens during antigen challenge?
antigen-presenting cells migrate to lymph nodes or spleen are then recognized by T- or B- lymphocytes this is the first encounter between an antigen and naive lymphocytes
58
What happens during clonal selection?
B cells that recognize antigen are activated, grow, and rapidly multiply
59
What do immune cells proliferate and differentiate into?
plasma cells or memory cells
60
What are plasma cells?
produce antibodies, which are an immunoglobulin
61
What do antibodies consist of?
two heavy and two light peptide chains that forms antigen-binding sites and a site recognized by cells of innate response
62
What are IgM antibodies?
pentamers secreted in early primary response activate complement
63
What are IgG antibodies?
monomers most common type secreted in late primary response and secondary response active complement
64
What are IgE antibodies?
monomers activate mast cells or basophils induce inflammation or allergic reaction
65
What are IgA antibodies?
dimers secretory antibodies found in saliva, mucus, sweal, milk prevent invasion of epithelia
66
What are IgD antibodies?
monomers | assist B-cells
67
How do antibodies act on the antigen?
do not destroy them bind to specific antigens in lock-and-key fashion form antigen-antibody complex
68
How is the antigen-antibody complex formed?
precipitation - make soluble molecules insoluble agglutination - sticking several cells in a clump neutralization - block the binding sites on bacteria and viruses so they cannot invade host cells lysis of the pathogen
69
How does lysis occur during antibody mediation?
other site on antibodies is recognized and activated compliment or NK and T-cytotoxic cells that lyse the pathogen phagocytic cells activated pathogens swallowed
70
What are memory cells?
some B-cells turn into memory cells | these circulate the bloodstream ready to proliferate if they encounter the same pathogen later in life
71
What is the primary immune response?
first encounter with antigen antigen presentation, challenge, B-cell cloning takes place before antibodies can be made peak level of plasma antibodies achieved at day 10
72
What is the secondary immune response?
re-exposure to same pathogen memory cells proliferate into plasma cells capable of antibody production antibody levels peak in 2-3 days at much higher levels than primary response
73
What is active humoral immunity?
naturally acquired in response to bacterial or viral infection artificially acquired through vaccines longer lasting
74
What is passive humoral immunity?
naturally acquired from mother to fetus artificially acquired from injection of serum containing gamma globulins against the antigen B cells are not challenged protection ends when antigens naturally degrade
75
What happens during clonal selection of cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes | requires recognition of antigen on MHC II and CD4 or CD8 binding site
76
What role do helper T cells have in proliferation and differentiation?
release cytokines, like interleukin 2, that activate T-cells, B-lymphocytes, and amplify innate defenses
77
What do activated cytotoxic T cells do during proliferation and differentiation?
``` recognize foreign antigen on MHC class I on infected, cancer, or transplanted cells produce perforins and granulozymes which induces apoptosis ```
78
What do memory T- cells do?
helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may develop into memory cells for the next antigen encounter

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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