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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

central core of the forebrain
encloses third ventricle
deep to the basal nucle

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2
Q

What does the diencephalon consis of?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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3
Q

Descibe the thalamus

A

paired egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
connected at the midline by the intermediate mass
80% of diencephalon

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4
Q

What are the four groups of nuclei found in the thalamus?

A

anterior
netral
dorsal
posterior

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5
Q

Want do the nuclei of the thalamus do?

A

acts as relay center

project and receive fibers from cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Describe how impulses travel through the thalamus

A

sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse here
impulses of similar function are sorted out, edited, and relayed as a group
all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus

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7
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus (aside from relay center)?

A

mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

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8
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below the thalamus

caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle

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9
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

small paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus

relay station for olfactory pathways

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10
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

stalk of the hypothalamus
connects to the pituitary gland
main visceral control center of the body

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11
Q

What are the visceral functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities

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12
Q

What are the emotional functions of the hypothalamus?

A

perception of pleasure, fear, and rage

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13
Q

What are the homeostatic functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates normal body temperature

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14
Q

What are the other functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates feelings of hunger and satiety

regulates sleep and sleep cycle

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15
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?

A

releasing hormones control secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin

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16
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A

most dorsal portion of the diencephalon

forms roof of third ventricle

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17
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

extends from the posterior border of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin

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18
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood

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19
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid, which is then duped into the third ventricle

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20
Q

What does the brain stem consis of?

A

three regions -
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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21
Q

Describe the brain stem in terms of gray and white matter

A

similar to spinal cord but contains nuclei embedded in it (grey matter)

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22
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A

controls the automatic behaviors necessary for survival
provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves

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23
Q

Where is the midbrain lcoated?

A

between the diencephalon and the pons

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24
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

two bulging structures of the midbrain that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts

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25
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
26
What cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?
III - oculomotor | IV - trochlear
27
What are the other nuclei found in the midbrain?
corpora quadrigemina superior colliculi - visual reflex centers inferior colliculi - auditory reflex centers substantia nigra - high content of melanin, secretes dopamine red nucleus - largest nucleus of the reticular formation; red nuclei are relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways
28
Where is the pons found?
bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
29
What do the fibers of the pons do?
connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord | relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum
30
What cranial nerves are found in the pons?
V - trigeminal VI - abducens VII - facial
31
Where is the medulla oblongata found?
most inferior part of the brain stem forms ventral wall of the fourth ventricle, along with pons contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle
32
What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?
two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts
33
What is decussation of the pyramids?
crossover points of the corticospinal tracts | why we have lateralization of the brain
34
What are the cranial nerves found in the medulla oblongata?
XIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
35
What are the nuclear complexes found in the medulla oblongata?
``` vestibular nuclear complex - equilibrium cardiovascular control center respiratory control center vasomotor center - blood pressure addition centers for - vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing ```
36
Where is the cerebellum located?
dorsal to the pons and medulla protrudes under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum makes up 11% of brain's mass
37
What does the cerebellum do?
provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously
38
Describe the exterior of the cerebellum
two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis each hemisphere has three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular has folia - transversely oriented gyri
39
Describe the interior of the cerebellum
neural arrangement - gray matter cortex, internal white matter, scattered nuclei arbor vitae - distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
40
What are the cerebellar peduncles?
three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
41
How do cerebellar fibers differ from cortical fibers?
they are ipsilateral | from and to the same side of the body
42
What does the superior peduncle connect to?
cerebellum to the midbrain
43
what do the middle peduncles connect?
pons to the cerebellum
44
What do the inferior peduncles connect to?
medulla to the cerebellum
45
What happens during cerebellar processing?
Cerebellum receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction proprioceptors and visual signals "inform" cerebellum of body's condition cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to perform a movement a "blueprint" of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex
46
What is the cerebellum's role in cognitive function?
plays a role in language and problem solving | recognizes and predicts sequences of events
47
What are the two functional brain systems that are widespread across the brain?
Limbic | Reticular
48
Where is the limbic system located?
structures are located on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon amygdala hypothalamus anterior nucleus of the thalamus
49
What does the amygdala do?
deals with anger, danger, and fear response
50
What does the cingulate gyrus do?
Plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures resolves mental conflict puts emotional responses to odors
51
What can be deduced from the fact that the limbic system interacts with the prefrontal lobes?
one can react emotionally to conscious understandings | one is consciously aware of emotion in one's life
52
What do hippocampal structures of the limbic system do?
convert new information into long-term memories
53
Describe the reticular formation of the brain
composed of three broad columns along the length of the brain stem - raphe nuclei, medial group, lateral group has far-flung axonal connections with hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord
54
What does the reticular activating system do?
sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert filters out repetitive and weak stimuli (~99%)
55
What can affect RAS?
inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs | severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness
56
How does the RAS apply to motor function?
helps control coarse motor movements | autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions
57
What does an EEG do?
reflects the electrical activity on which higher mental functions re based records electrical activity that accompanies brain function measures electrical potential differences b/w various cortical areas
58
Describe brain waves
patterns of neuronal electric activity each person's are unique continuous train of peaks and troughs wave frequency expressed in Hz
59
Describe alpha waves
``` regular and rhythmic low-amplitude slow synchronous waves inficating an "idling" brain 8-13 Hz ```
60
Describe beta waves
rhythmic more irregular waves occuring during the awake and mentalls alert state 14-30 Hz
61
Describe theta waves
more irregular than alpha waves common in children but abnormal in adults 4-7 Hz
62
Describe delta waves
high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when RAS is damped 4 Hz or less
63
What is consciousness?
encompasses perception of sensation, voluntary initiation, control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing
64
Where is consciousness expressed in the brain
involves simultaneous activity of large areas of the cerebral cortex superimposed on other types of neural activity holistic and totally interconnected
65
What is the graded scale of consciousness?
alertness drowsiness or lethargy stupor coma
66
What are the two types of sleep?
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) | rapid eye movement (REM)
67
When does NREM occur in sleep?
the first 30-45 minutes of sleep | four stages
68
When does REM occur?
after the fourth NREM stage has been achieved
69
What is stage 1 of NREM?
eyes are closed and relaxation begins alpha waves one can be easily aroused
70
What is stage 2 of NREM?
EEG pattern is irregular with sleep spindles (high-voltage wave bursts)
71
What is stage 3 of NREM?
sleep deepends theta and delta waves appear vital signs decline dreaming is common
72
What is stage 4 of NREM?
EEG pattern is dominated by delta waves skeletal muscles are relaxed arousal is difficult
73
What happens during REM sleep?
``` EEG pattern reverts through the NREM stages to the stage 1 pattern vital signs increase skeletal muscles are inhibited most dreaming takes place here rapid pulse/resp rate erection mental activity increase ```
74
What do sleep patterns tell us?
alternating cycles of sleep and wakefulness reflect a natural circadian rhythm the brain is actively guided into sleep typical sleep pattern alternates between REM and NREM
75
What regulates the sleep cycle (specific)?
suprachiasmatic and preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
76
What happens when someone is deprived of sleep?
slow-wave sleep is presumed to be the restorative stage | those deprived of REM sleep become moody and depressed
77
What happens with sleep as you age?
daily sleep requirements decline with age
78
What is speculated about the importance of sleep and information?
REM sleep may be a reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain
79
What is narcolepsy?
lapsing abruptly into sleep from awake state
80
What is insomnia?
chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed
81
What is sleep apnea?
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
82
What is the locus coeruleus
cluster of neurons in RAS active when we are awake, they produce norepinephrine for fight or flight response inactive when we are sleeping no motor activity results from cortical stimuli because they are prevented from reaching the spinal cord
83
What are the three principles of memory?
storage - occurs in stages and is continually changing processing - accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures memory traces - chemical or structural changes that encode memory
84
What is short term memory?
a fleeting memory of the events that continually happen | lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 or 8 pieces of information
85
What is long term memory?
has limitless capacity
86
What are the factors that affect transfer of memory from short term to long term?
emotional state - alert motivated and aroused = good rehearsal association - new info with old memories automatic memory - subconscious info stored in LTM
87
What is fact memory?
entails learning explicit information is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability is stored with the context in which it was learned
88
What areas are involved in fact memory?
hippocampus and amygdala specific areas of the thalamus and hypothalamus ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the basal forebrain
89
What is skill memory?
less conscious than fact memory and involves motor activity is id acquired through practice do not retain the context in which they were learned difficult to unlearn
90
What areas of the brain are involved in skill memory?
corpus striatum - mediates the automatic connections between a stimulus and a motor response portion of the brain receiving the stimulus premotor and motor cortex
91
Describe the mechanisms of memory (9 points)
neuronal RNA content is altered dendritic spines change shape extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in LTM number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase more neurotransmitted is released by presynaptic neuron new hippocampal neurons appear long-term potentiation is involved and is mediated by NMDA receptors synaptic events involve the binding of brain-derived neurotropic factor BDNF is involved with NA, CA, and MG influence at synapses

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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