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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the brain protected in general?

A

bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the blood-brain barrier

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2
Q

What are the meninges?

A

three connective tissue membranes that lie external to the CNS
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

cover and protect the CNS
protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
contain CSF
form partitions within the skull

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4
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers (periosteal and meningeal layers)
the two layers separate in certain areas and form dural sinuses

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5
Q

Describe the three dural septa of the dura mater

A

falx cerebri - fold that dips into longitudinal fissure
falx cerebelli - runs along the vermis of the cerebellum
tentorium cereblli - horizontal dural fol that extends into transverse fissure

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6
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Middle meninx which forms a loose brain covering

it is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space

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7
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A

beneath arachnoid layer
filled with CSF and\\large blood vessels
arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood

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8
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

deep meninx composed of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

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9
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

watery solution similar in composition to blood plasma

contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma

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10
Q

What does CSF do?

A

forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it

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11
Q

What are choroid plexuses?

A

hang from the roof of each ventricle

cluster of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters

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12
Q

What do choroid plexuses do?

A

have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentration in the CSF
help cleanse CSF by removing wastes

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13
Q

Describe CSF circulation

A

choroid plexus produce CSF
CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures
CSF flows through the subarachnoid space
CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

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14
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain

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15
Q

What helps the blood brain barrier separated substances from neurons by?

A

continuous endothelium of capillary walls
relatively thick basal lamina
bulbous feet of astrocytes

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16
Q

What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

A

selective barrier that allows nutrients to pass freely

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17
Q

What is the BBB ineffective against?

A

substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes

explains how alcohol and drugs affect brain

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18
Q

Where is BBB absent from and why?

A

vomiting center and the hypothalamus

this allows these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

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19
Q

What weakens the BBB?

A

stress increases the ability of chemicals to pass through the BBB

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20
Q

What is a concussion?

A

traumatic brain injury

temporary alteration in function

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21
Q

What is a contusion?

A

traumatic brain injury

permanent damage

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22
Q

What does a subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage result in?

A

may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death

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23
Q

What is cerebral edema?

A

swelling of the brain associated with traumatic head injury

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24
Q

What is ischemia?

A

cerebrovascular accident aka stroke
tissue deprived of blood supply
brain tissue dies
ex: blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot

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25
What is hemiplegia?
cerebrovascular accident aka stroke paralysis on one side sensory or speech deficits
26
What is a transient ischemic attack?
cerebrovascular accident aka stroke | temporary episode of reversible cerebral ischemia
27
What is tissue plasminogen activator?
the only approved treatment for stroke
28
What is Alzheimer's?
a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia causes memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss, irritable, moody, confused, hallucinations plaques of beta-amyloid peptide form in brain toxic effects may involve prior proteins neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons and kill them brain shrinks
29
What is Parkinson's disease?
degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of substantia nigra basal nuclei deprives of dopamine become overactive resulting in tremors cause unknown treatment with L-dopa, deep brain stimulation, gene therapy, stem cells seem promising
30
What is Huntington's disease?
fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of protein huntington leads to degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex initial sx wild, jerky "flapping" movements later marked mental deterioration treated with drugs that block dopamine effects stem cell research promising
31
Describe embryonic development of the spinal cord
develops from caudal portion of neural tube | by week 6 there are two clusters of neuroblasts
32
What are the three things that form from the clusters of neuroblasts in embryonic spinal cord development?
alar plate - will become interneurons basal plate - will become motor neurons neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglia
33
Where is CNS tissue found?
within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1 or L2
34
What is the overall purpose of the spinal cord?
provides two-way communication to and from the brain
35
What is the spinal cord protected by?
bone, meninges, and CSF
36
What is the epidural space?
space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins this is not found in the brain
37
What is the conus medullaris?
terminal portion of the spinal cord
38
What is the filum terminale?
fibrous extension of the pia mater | anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
39
What are denticulate ligaments?
delicate shelves of pia mater | attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae
40
How many spinal nerves are found from each part of the spine?
``` 31 total 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral ```
41
What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?
sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge
42
What is the cauda equina?
collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
43
What does the anterior median fissure do in the spinal cord?
separates anterior funiculi
44
What does the posterior median sulcus do?
divides posterior funiculi
45
What does gray matter consist of in the spinal cord?
soma unmyelinated processes neuroglia
46
What is the gray commissure?
connects masses of gray matter | encloses central canal
47
what are the posterior horns of the spinal cord?
interneurons
48
what are the anterior horns of the spinal cord?
interneurons and somatic motor neurons
49
What are the lateral horns of the spinal cord?
contain sympathetic neurons
50
What is the dorsal half of the gray matter responsible for in the spinal cord?
sensory roots and ganglia | sensory afferent
51
What is the ventral half of the gray matter responsible for in the spinal cord?
motor roots | motor efferent
52
What do the dorsal and ventral roots do outside CNS?
fuse together laterally to form spinal nerves
53
What are the four zones that are evident in the gray matter?
``` somatic sensory (SS) visceral sensory (VS) Visceral motor (VM) somatic motor (SM) ```
54
Describe white matter in the spinal cord
fibers run in three directions - ascending, descending, and transverse divided into three funiculi - posterior, lateral, and anterior
55
Describe the funiculi in white matter in the spinal cord
contain several fiber tracts fiber tract names reveal their origin and destination fiber tracts are composed of axons with similar functions
56
What are the four generalizations we can make about pathways of the spinal cord?
pathways decussate - cross from one side of the CNS to another most consist of two or three neurons most exhibit somatotoopy - precise spatial relationships pathways are paired - one on each side of the spinal cord or brain
57
What are dermatomes?
areas on the skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve all spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes
58
What are first-order neurons?
cell bodies reside in a ganglion synapse with second order neurons in the spinal cord or brain stem
59
What are second-order neurons?
cell bodies reside in the spinal dorsal horn or in medullary nuclei synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus or cerebellum
60
What are third-order neurons?
cell bodies reside in the thalamus | conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum
61
How do neurons branch as they enter the spinal cord?
central processes of first-order neurons branch diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla
62
Where are nonspecific ascending pathways found?
within the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts
63
Where do the fibers cross in nonspecific pathways?
in the spinal cord
64
What do nonspecific ascending pathways do?
convey information about pain, temperature, and crude touch to the sensory cortex
65
Where are specific ascending pathways found?
within the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tracts, and their continuation in the medial lemniscal tracts
66
Where do the fibers cross in specific ascending pathways?
in the medulla
67
What do specific ascending pathways do?
convey information about precise localizations of discriminative touch and vibrations to the sensory cortex
68
Where are the spinocerebellar tracts found?
within the lateral and anterior spino thalamic tracts
69
Where do spinocerebellar fibers cross?
do not cross or cross twice
70
What do spinocerebellar tracts do?
convey proprioceptive information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum to coordinate muscle activity
71
Where are the second-order neurons found in nonspecific ascending pathways?
interneuron of dorsal horn
72
Where are the second-order neurons found in specific ascending pathways?
medulla - nucleus gracilis and nucleus cureatus
73
Where are first-order neurons found in all ascending pathways?
dorsal root ganglion
74
What do the descending pathways do?
deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord divided into two groups - direct and indirect pathways involve two neurons - upper and lower
75
What are the three steps of the direct system?
originate with the pyramidal neurons in the central gyri impulses are sent through the corticospinal tractts and synapse in the anterior horn stimulation of anterior horn neurons activates skeletal muscles
76
What are corticobulbar tracts?
parts of the direct pathway | innervate cranial nerve nuclei
77
What does the direct system regulate?
fast and fine movements
78
What is included in the indirect system?
brain stem, motor nuclei, and all motor pathways not part of the pyramidal system rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal (name = origin + termination site)
79
What do indirect systems do?
regulate axial muscles that maintain balance and postur regulates muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal portions of limbs heck, neck, and eye movement

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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