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BIO 232 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is the general job of the nervous system?

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of? What is its general function?

A

brain and spinal cord

acts as integration and command center

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? What is its general function?

A

paired spinal and cranial nerves

carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

Describe somatic sensory afferent fibers

A

sensory division

carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain

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5
Q

Describe visceral sensory afferent fibers

A

sensory division

transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

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6
Q

What is the motor division responsible for in the PNS?

A

transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

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7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

voluntary

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8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

What is a nucleus in the nervous system?

A

cluster of cell BODIES found in the CNS

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10
Q

What is a ganglion in the nervous system?

A

cluster of cell BODIES found in the PNS

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11
Q

What is a nerve in the nervous system?

A

a bundle of AXONS found in the PNS

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12
Q

What is a nerve tract in the nervous system?

A

a collection of axons in the CNS having the same origin, termination, and function

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13
Q

What is cephalization?

A

elaboration of the anterior portion of the CNS
increase in number of neurons in the head
highest level is reached in the human brain

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14
Q

What does the surface anatomy of the brain consist of?

A

includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem

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15
Q

What is gray matter?

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A

collection of myelinated nerve fibers

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17
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

cell layer at the dorsal surface of developing brain

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18
Q

What happens during the first 26 days of embryonic development of the brain?

A

ectoderm thickens, forming the neural plate
neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove
neural groove fuses dorsally and forms the neural tube
anterior -> brain ; posterior -> spinal cord

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19
Q

Describe the formation of the primary brain vesicles

A

anterior end of the neural tube expands and constricts to for the three primary brain vesicles

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20
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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21
Q

When do secondary brain vesicles development? What are they (5 - one unchanged)

A 
in week 5 of embryonic development, secondary brain vesicles form
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
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22
Q

What adult brain structures for from the telencephalon?

A

cerebrum: cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

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23
Q

What adult brain structures for from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
retina

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24
Q

What adult brain structures form from the mesencephalon?

A

brain stem - midbrain

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25
What adult structures form from the metencephalon
brain stem: pons, cerebellum
26
What adult structures form from the myelencephalon?
medulla oblongata
27
What does the telencephalon develop into in the neural canal?
lateral ventricle
28
What does the diencephalon develop into in the neural canal?
third ventricle
29
What does the mesencephalon develop into in the neural canal?
cerebral aqueduct
30
What does the metencephalon and myelencephalon develop into in the neural canal?
fourth ventricle
31
Describe the basic pattern of the spinal cord
central cavity is surrounded by a gray matter - inner zone | external to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts
32
Describe the basic pattern of the brain
similar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matter cerebellum has gray matter in cortex cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex
33
Where do the ventricles of the brain arise from?
expansion of the lumen of the neural tube
34
Describe the ventricles of the brain
paired C-shaped lateral ventricles third ventricle is found in the diencephalon fourth ventricle is found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons
35
Describe the cerebral hemisphere of the brain
forms the superior part of the brain and makes up 83% of its mass
36
What are the ridges and shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?
ridges = gyri | shallow grooves = sulci
37
What are the deep grooves of the brain?
fissures
38
What are the three basic regions of the cerebrum?
cortex white matter basal nuclei
39
What are the five lobes of the brain and what are they separated by?
``` deep sulci separate them frontal parietal temporal occipital insula central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes ```
40
What are the three major lobes, gyri, and sulci of the cerebral hemisphere?
parieto-occipital sulcus - separates parietal and occipital lobes lateral sulcus - separates the parietal and frontal lobes precentral and postcentral gyri border the central sulcus
41
Describe the cerebral cortex
superficial gray matter | accounts for 40% mass of the brain
42
What does the cerebral cortex enable?
``` sensation communication memory understanding voluntary movements ```
43
Describe the functionality of the cerebral cortex in respect to hemispheres
each hemisphere acts colaterally (controls opposite side of the body) hemispheres are not equal in function (there is cerebral dominance - left = mathematical and right = creative) no functional area acts alone - conscious behavior involves the entire cortex
44
What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex and what do they control?
motor areas - control voluntary movement sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation association areas - integrate diverse information
45
What do the functional areas of the cerebral cortex contain?
``` gray matter neuron cell bodies dendrites associated glial cells blood vessels ```
46
Describe the functionality of the primary motor cortex
located in the precentral gyrus | allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movement
47
What is the primary motor cortex made up of?
pyramidal cells whose axons make up the corticospinal tracts
48
Describe the functionality of the premotor cortex
controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills (i.e. typing) coordinates simultaneous sequential actions involved in the planning of movements
49
Describe the location and functionality of Broca's area
present in only one hemisphere (usually the left) a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue active as one prepares to speak
50
What is Broca's Aphasia?
discovered in 1861 | pt's cannot put together complex sentences
51
Describe the local eye field
located anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area controls voluntary eye movement
52
Describe the primary somatosensory cortex
Located in the post central gyrus receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles exhibits spatial discrimination - determines which part of the body is affected
53
What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?
integrates sensory information forms the comprehensive understanding of the stimulus determines size, texture, and relationship of parts - determines what something is based on touch
54
Describe the visual area of the cortex - 2
primary visual cortex - receives visual information from the retinas visual association area - interprets visual stimuli - color, movement, form
55
What does the primary auditory cortex do?
receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
56
What does the auditory association area do?
stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds | aka Wernicke's area
57
What is the functionality of the anterior association area?
involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality necessary for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience closely linked to the limbic system
58
What is the functionality of the posterior association area?
found in one hemisphere - usually the left integrates incoming signals into a single thought involved in processing spatial relationships
59
What is the functionality of the limbic association area?
involved in emotion and memory
60
What is lateralization?
each brain hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner
61
What is cerebral dominance?
designates the hemisphere dominant for language
62
What does the left side of the brain control in 90% of people?
language, math, logic
63
What does the right side of the brain control in 90% of people?
visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills
64
What does cerebral white matter consist of?
deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
65
What is cerebral white matter responsible for?
communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center as well as areas of the cerebrum
66
What are commisures?
white matter | connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres
67
What are association fibers?
white matter | connect different parts of the same hemisphere
68
What are projection fibers?
white matter | enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers, and those leave the cortex to the lower areas
69
What are the basal nuclei?
masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter
70
What is the corpus striatum and what is it composed of?
basal nuclei ** recheck this card composed of three parts: caudate nucleus lentiform nucleus (composed of the putamen and the globus pallidus) fibers of the internal capsul running between and through caudate and lentiform nuclei
71
What are the functions of the basal nuclei (4)?
influence muscular activity regulate attention and cognition regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement
72
What is the largest commisure?
corpus callosum

BIO 232 Anatomy OIT (10 decks)

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