Lesson 1: Introduction to Globalization

Question 1

“Globalization as a concept refers both to the ____ and the ____ of consciousness of the world as a whole… both concrete global interdependence and consciousness of the global whole”

This is according to ____

Answer 1

“Globalization as a concept refers both to the Compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole… both concrete global interdependence and consciousness of the global whole”

This is according to Ronald Robertson

Question 2

“Globalization can…be defined as the ____ of the world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events ____ and vice versa”

This is according to ____

Answer 2

“Globalization can…be defined as the intensification of the world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occuring many miles away and vice versa”

This is according to Anthony Giddens

Question 3

Why is Globalization a modern phenomenon? (3)

Answer 3

1. MNCs have global reach and increasing power
2. Travel and shipping are cheap and safe
3. Governments have decreased tarrifs and regulations on international trade

Question 4

(Nye, 2002)

At its core, is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances.

Answer 4

Globalism

Question 5

(Nye, 2002)

It attempts to understand all inter-connections of the modern world – and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them

Answer 5

Globalism

Question 6

(Nye, 2002)

Refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.

Answer 6

Globalization

It focuses on the forces, dynamism, or speed of these changes.

Question 7

(Nye, 2002)

It is the process by which globalism becomes increasingly thick/ intense

Answer 7

Globalization

Question 8

(Nye, 2002)

Globalization is a phenomenon with ____. Thus, the issue is not how ____ globalism is, but rather how ____ it is at any given time.

Answer 8

Globalization is a phenomenon with ancient roots. Thus, the issue is not how old globalism is, but rather how “thin” or “thick” it is at any given time.

Question 9

Globalization: Summarized

According to Martell (2016),

“Globalization involves the ____ such that distances is less of a factor than it used to be in terms of knowledge, communication, and movement.

____ and things start to develop at a level that is more than, and above, inter-national relations.”

Answer 9

According to Martell (2016),

“Globalization involves the compression of space such that distances is less of a factor than it used to be in terms of knowledge, communication, and movement.

Geography and territory are undermined and things start to develop at a level that is more than, and above, inter-national relations.”

(Martel, 2016)

Question 10

Key concepts of Martell (2016)’s summarized definition of globalization (4)

Answer 10

1. “Globalization needs to be global in distance”
2. “Globalization needs to be globally inclusive in inputs as well as reach”
3. “There needs to be interdependency rather than just interconnection”
4. “There needs to be stability and regularity in relations so that, rather than being intermittent or temporary, these establish a structure or system”

Question 11

Competing Conceptions of Globalization

Globalization as ____

Answer 11

Globaloney

Question 12

Globaloney: They believe that globalization is too complex and ambiguous

Answer 12

Rejectionists

Question 13

Globaloney: They believe that globalism is limited in nature

Answer 13

Skeptics

Question 14

Globaloney: They believe that globalization is not a novel

Answer 14

Modifiers

Question 15

What rejectionists, skeptics, and modifiers tell us: (3)

Answer 15

• Be more careful and precise in using the term
• Remind us that some aspects of globalization may neither constitute new developments nor reach to all corners of the Earth – avoid globalizing tendencies
• The need to conceptualize globalization beyond economic lines, putting weight to its multidimensional character

Question 16

Various approaches to globalization

Answer 16

1. As Economic Process
2. As Political Process
3. As Cultural Process

Question 17

The two most important aspects of economic globalization

Answer 17

1. the changing nature of the production process
2. the liberalization and internationalization of financial transactions

Question 18

Approach to Globalization:

“The increasing linkage of national economies through trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investments… by multinational firms”

Answer 18

Globalization As Economic Process

(Gilpin, 2000)

Question 19

Significant economic development that involves the changing nature of global production:

Answer 19

Powerful Transnational Corporations (TNCs) with subsidiaries in several countries

Question 20

A process intrinsically connected to expansion of markets

Answer 20

Political globalization

Question 21

As Political Process

“Globalization has happened because ____ have broken down many physical barriers to ____ which used to limit how much ____ activity of any kind could happen over ____”

Answer 21

As Political Process

“Globalization has happened because technological advances have broken down many physical barriers to worldwide communication which used to limit how much connected or cooperative activity activity of any kind could happen over long distances”

Question 22

Globalization As Political Process:

Politics ____ vs Politics ____

Answer 22

Politics is rendered powerless

vs

Politics is the crucial category upon which rests a proper understanding of globalization

Question 23

Refers to a “state formation beyond the national level”

This is according to who?

Answer 23

Global Governance

(Martin Shaw)

Question 24

Portrayed globalization as diminishing the
sovereignty of national governance, thereby reducing the relevance of the nation-state and the need for effective global governance structures.

Answer 24

David Held and Anthony McGrew

Question 25

As Cultural Process GLobalization not as a one-dimensional phenomenon, but as a ____ involving diverse domains of activity and interaction including the cultural sphere.

Answer 25

Multidimensional process

Question 26

It is a 'densely growing **netweork of complex cultural interconnections and interdependencies** that characterize modern social life' This is according to who?

Answer 26

Cultural Globalization (Sociologist, John Tomlinson"

Question 27

**Debate on Homogeneity:** "Global cultural flows are ____ that utilize new communication technologies to shape socieities and identities... This interconnectivity caused by cultural globalization ____, because it undermines the linkages that connect culture to fixify location." | This is according to who?

Answer 27

"Global cultural flows are **directed by powerful international media corporations** that utilize new communication technologies to shape socieities and identities... This interconnectivity caused by cultural globalization **challenges parochial values and identities**, because it undermines the linkages that connect culture to fixify location." | John Tomlinson

Question 28

# On Homogeneity The global diffusion of American values, consumre goods, and lifestyles

Answer 28

Americanization

Question 29

# On homogeneity These are overwhelming more vulnerable cultures

Answer 29

Cultural imperialism

Question 30

# On Homogeneity Describe the wide-ranging process by which the **principle of the fast-food restaurant** are coming to dominate more and more sectors of **American society**, as well as the rest of the world This term is coined by who?

Answer 30

McDonaldization Coined by American sociologist, George Ritzer (1993)

Question 31

# On Homogeneity Who coined the term **McWorld**?

Answer 31

Benjamin R. Barber

Question 32

# On diversity A complex interaction of the global and local characterized by cultural borrowing

Answer 32

Glocalization

Question 32

What did Ronald Robertson famously argued on diversity of globalization?

Answer 32

He argued that **global cultural flows often reinvigorate local cultural niches**

Question 33

Globalization is both a material and a mental condition, constituted by complex, often **contradictory interactions** of global, local, and individual aspects of social life.

Answer 33

Hybridization

Question 34

Arjun Appuradai's Five 'Scapes' of Globalization

Answer 34

1. Ethnoscapes 2. Technoscapes 3. Finanscapes 4. Ideoscapes 5. Mediascapes

Question 35

# FIve "Scapes" of Globalization Flow of people across boundaries

Answer 35

Ethnoscapes

Question 36

# FIve "Scapes" of Globalization Flows of technology

Answer 36

Technoscapes

Question 37

# FIve "Scapes" of Globalization Flow of money across poltical borders

Answer 37

Finanscapes

Question 38

# FIve "Scapes" of Globalization Flow of media

Answer 38

Mediascapes

Question 39

# FIve "Scapes" of Globalization Flow of ideas

Answer 39

Ideoscapes

Question 40

“There are other things that make defining globalization important. One is that ____. Seeing some situations as globalization – as inclusive, integrated, twoway and globally extended – gives an impression of ____. Questioning whether phenomena meet the definition of globalization helps to ____ in the processes being outlined."

Answer 40

“There are other things that make defining globalization important. One is that **it ensures we see the power, inequality, and conflict in globalization**. Seeing some situations as globalization – as inclusive, integrated, two-way and globally extended – gives an impression of **inclusivity and equality that is inaccurate**. Questioning whether phenomena meet the definition of globalization helps to **show the power, inequality, and lack of inclusion** in the processes being outlined."

Question 41

Our class defined globalization as:

Answer 41

[Globalization as] Something that "happens when there is a trade of **culture, information, & resources**, as facilitated by the *movement of people* that interconnects the nations by fostering international relationships"