LESSON 3: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STRUCTURES Flashcards
(25 cards)
What layers is the pericardium composed of from superficial to deep?
- parietal pericardium
- pericardial fluid
- visceral pericardium/epicardium
What are the names of the walls of the heart?
- epicardium
- myocardium, the thickest layer that constantly contracts and relaxes
- endocardium
What are the atria?
the two upper chambers of the heart
What are the ventricles, and what is important about them?
the two lower chambers of the heart; their walls are thicker because they must pump blood through the entire body
What is the job of the pulmonary arteries?
to carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
What is the job of the pulmonary veins?
to carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
What is the job of the veins in systemic circulation?
to carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium and back into pulmonary circulation
Name the steps of blood circulation throughout the body starting with the heart receiving deoxygenated blood.
- The RA receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
- Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the RV.
- The RV pumps blood through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery.
- The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs to become oxygenated.
- The new oxygenated blood is carried through the pulmonary veins and into the LA.
- The LA pumps out the blood through the mitral/bicuspid valve and into the LV.
- The LV pumps blood through the aortic valve, through which the blood is transported to all parts of the body.
- Oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart from the veins into the venae cavae.
What nodes is the heart’s conduction system made of in order of activation?
- sinoatrial (SA) node - establishes the basic rhythm of the heartbeat, starts each wave of muscle contraction in the heart, impulse activates both atria
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- bundle of His - ensures sequence of heart contractions
- purkinje fibers - causes ventricles to contract simultaneously
What are important qualities of the arteries?
- carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
- have thick and elastic walls
What is important about capillaries?
Gases, nutrients, and waste are exchanged in the capillaries between the blood vessels and tissues.
What are important qualities of the veins?
- low pressure collecting system that carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart
- walls are thinner and less elastic
- contains valves
What are the names of the largest veins in the body?
Superior and inferior vena cava.
What is albumin?
the main protein in blood, helps prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels into other tissues
What are globulins?
proteins that play an important role in the immune system
What is fibrinogen/prothrombin?
a clotting protein
What is serum?
plasma fluid left after blood cells and clotting proteins are removed
What are the five types of leukocytes?
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
What are neutrophils?
the most common type of WBC, consume pathogens
What are basophils?
the least common type of WBC, responsible for histamines that cause the symptoms of allergic reactions
What are eosinophils?
WBCs that destroy parasites and play a major role in allergic reactions
What are lymphocytes?
include T cells and B cells, identify foreign substances and produce antibodies that specifically attack them
What are monocytes?
the largest type of WBC that defends the body through phagocytosis
What do platelets/thrombocytes do?
clump together and form a clot to stop a damaged blood vessel from bleeding
