Lifespan Development - Personality, Temperament, and Gender and Sexual Identity

Question 1

What are Freud’s five psychosexual stages, and what ages do they correspond with?

Answer 1

• Oral (0-1 yr)
• Anal (1-3 yrs)
• Phallic (3-6 yrs)
• Latency (6-12 yrs)
• Genital (teens)

Question 2

What are Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages, and what ages do they correspond with?

Answer 2

• Trust vs mistrust (0-1 yr)
• Autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3 yrs)
• Initiative vs guilt (3-6 yrs)
• Industry vs inferiority (6-12 yrs)
• Identity vs role confusion (teens)
• Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)
• Generativity vs stagnation (mid adulthood)
• Integrity vs dispair (late adulthood)

Question 3

What is the heritability of personality?

Answer 3

0.4-0.5

Non-shared enviro factors are big contributors. They increase with age as genetics decrease.

Question 4

Describe the four parenting styles in terms of demand and responsiveness.

Answer 4

• Authoritative: high demand, high responsiveness
• Authoritarian: high demand, low responsiveness
• Permissiveness: low demand, high responsiveness
• Uninvolved: low demand, low responsiveness

Question 5

How stable are the Big 5 personality traits?

Answer 5

• Agreeableness and conscientiousness increase with age
• Neuroticism decreases
• Extraversion and openness are stable

Question 6

What are Thomas & Chess’ nine dimensions of temperament?

Answer 6

• Activity
• Rhythmicity
• Distractibility
• Approach/WD
• Adaptability
• Attention/persistence
• Action intensity
• Response threshold
• Mood quality

They fit into three groups: easy, slow to warm up, difficult.

Question 7

What is the concept of goodness-of-fit as it applies to Thomas and Chess’ nine dimensions of temperament?

Answer 7

Behaviour depends on the match between temperament and parent behaviour

Question 8

What is Rothbart’s theory of temperament?

Answer 8

Temperament is the result of bio differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Reactivity: surgency/extraversion or negative affectivity.

Question 9

What is Kagan’s theory of temperament?

Answer 9

Behavioural inhibition influences temperament

Aligns with evidence that BI predicts GAD.

Question 10

Describe the four stages of self-awareness development and their corresponding age ranges.

Answer 10

• Secondary emotions (1.5-2 yrs)
• Gender and age (2-6 yrs)
• Personality and social comparison (7-11 yrs)
• Beliefs/values and psychological qualities (12+)

Secondary emotions are revealed in the mirror test.

Question 11

How do genes influence sexual orientation?

Answer 11

• Stronger for males
• Fraternal birth order effect: immunity to male antigens increases

Question 12

What is the cognitive-developmental theory of gender identity development?

Answer 12

3 stages:

• Gender ID (2/3 yrs)
• Gender stability (4 yrs)
• Gender constancy (6/7 yrs)

Question 13

What age range applies to gender schema theory?

Answer 13

3-4 yrs

Question 14

According to the multidimensional model, what dimensions influence gender identity development?

Answer 14

• Membership
• Gender typicality
• Gender contentedness
• Felt pressure
• Intergroup bias

Question 15

What are the benefits of androgyny?

Answer 15

• More adaptable
• Higher SE
• More likeable
• More adjusted