Lipids

Question 1

Fatty acids:which is false?
A.only a relatively small amount exists in the free or unesterified form in plasma
B.most are non-covalently bound to albumin
C. are found as a constituent of triglycerides or phospholipids
D.are covalently attached to the glycerol backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids by a peptide bond

Answer 1

D

Ester dapat

Question 2

most common phospholipid found on lipoproteins & cell membranes

Answer 2

phosphatidylcholine

Question 3

Which is false?
A. phospholipids are only synthesised in the liver
B. Cholesterol esters are neutral lipids
C. phospholipids are amphipathic
D. size is directly proportional to apolipoprotein’s relative lipid content

Answer 3

A

all cytosolic cell compartments :)

Question 4

False about dietary phytosterols’ effect
A. ↓ plasma total cholesterol
B. ↓ LDL cholesterol
C. ↓ HDL cholesterol

Answer 4

C

Question 5

The liver does not convert cholesterol into:
A.cholic acid 
B.glucocorticoids
C.vitamin B
D. NOTA

Answer 5

C

vitamin D3 dapat

Question 6

enumerate 2 basis of classification for lipoproteins

Answer 6

Electrophoretic mobility

Buoyant density

Question 7

Which is false?
A.Chylomicron – most (-) charge
B. β-lipoprotein – for VLDL
C.Pre β-lipoprotein – for LDL
D.α-lipoprotein – for chylomicron

Answer 7

D - for HDL dapat

Question 8

Which is false about chylomicrons?
A.Largest and the least dense of the lipoproteins
B.scatter light, hence turbid/milky appearance of postprandial plasma
C.produced by the intestine where they are packaged with dietary lipids and apo B-100
D.in-charge of delivery of dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells

Answer 8

C. apo B-48 dapat

Question 9

False about VLDL
A.Produced by the liver
B.Contains apo B-100 – main apolipoprotein
C.form a creamy top layer like chylomicrons
D.major carriers of endogenous (from
synthesis of the body) triglycerides

Answer 9

C. They do not form a creamy top layer

Question 10

high levels of intermediate-density lipoproteins are found in patients with familial hyperlipoproteinemia. why?x

Answer 10

Due to an abnormal form of apo E that delays the clearance of IDL; Individuals affected have significant risk for peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 11

False about LDL
A. Large LDL particles have beenshown to be more proatherogenic and may be a better marker for CHD risk
B. Readily taken up by cells via the LDL receptor in the liverand peripheral cells
C. LDL particles have been separated through density ultracentrifugation or gradient gel electrophoresis
D. smaller particles are denser and have relatively more
triglyceride than cholesteryl esters

Answer 11

A

Smaller dapat

Question 12

macrophages that take up too much lipid - what happens to them?

Answer 12

Filled with intracellular lipid drops o Turned into foam cells
 predominant cell type of fatty streaks
 early precursor of atherosclerotic plaques

Question 13

false about lipoprotein (A)
A. Are LDL-like particles that contain one molecule of apo(a) linked to apo B-100 by a single ester bond
B. Lp(a) is larger than LDL and has a higher lipid content
and a slightly lower density
C. postulated to be removed @ kidneys
D. Have a high level of homology with plasminogen, a precursor of plasmin that promotes clot lysis via fibrin
cleavage

Answer 13

A

sulfide dapat

Question 14

false about HDL
A.Transport cholesterol to liver for metabolism
B.The smallest and most dense lipoprotein particle
C.Is synthesized by liver only

Answer 14

C

liver and intestine dapat

Question 15

most active form of HDL in removing excess cholesterol from peripheral cells
A. Discoidal
B. Spherical
C. equal lang

Answer 15

A

Question 16

abnormal lipoprotein present in patients with biliary cirrhosis or cholestasis and in patients with mutations in lecithin:cholesterolacyltransferase (LCAT), the enzyme that esterifies cholesterol

Answer 16

lipoprotein X

Question 17

False about lipoprotein X
A.Is different from other lipoproteins in the endogenous pathway due to the lack of apoB-48
B.Phospholipids and non-esterified cholesterol are the lipid components
C.albumin and apoC are the main protein components D.mainly removed by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and the spleen

Answer 17

A

apo B-100 dapat

Question 18

false abt apolipoproteins
A.Are primarily located on the bottom of lipoprotein particles
B.Help maintain the structural integrity of lipoproteins
C.Also serve as ligands for cell receptors and as activators and inhibitors of the various enzymes that modify
lipoprotein particles

Answer 18

A

surface dapat

Question 19

apolipoproteins contain a structural motif called an ___which accounts for the ability of these proteins to bind to lipids

Answer 19

amphipathic helix

Question 20

identify
– The major protein of HDL
– Frequently used as a measure of the amount of the
antiatherogenic HDL present in plasma

Answer 20

apo A-1

Question 21

differentiate apo B-100 fr Apo B-48

Answer 21

Apo B-100: LDL, VLDL

Apo B-48: chylomicrons

Question 22

fill in the blanks
1. Patients who are homozygous for the __
isoform are at an increased risk for developing type
III hyperlipoproteinemia.
2. individuals with the __ isoform have been
shown to have an increased risk of developing
Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 22

1. apo E2

2. apo E4

Question 23

These 3 processes depend on apo B–containing lipoprotein particles. These three pathways are critical in the transport to peripheral cells of fatty acids generated during the lipolysis of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters
Their net result is also the net delivery of cholesterol to peripheral cells,

identify the 3 processes

Answer 23

LIPID ABSORPTION PATHWAY, EXOGENOUS PATHWAY, AND ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

Question 24

false about reverse cholesterol transport pathway
A.principal way that peripheral cells maintain their cholesterol equilibrium
B.is mediated by chylomicrons
C. Excess cholesterol from peripheral cells is transported
back to the liver
D.excess cholesterol may be excreted into the bile as free cholesterol or after being converted to bile acids

Answer 24

B

HDL dapat

Question 25

Which is true? A.Men have higher HDL-C levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than women B.The difference in total cholesterol, however, disappears after menopause as oestrogen decreases C.Men and women both show a tendency toward increased total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride concentrations with age. D.The incidence of heart disease is strongly associated with serum cholesterol concentration, particularly LDL-C.

Answer 25

A | Baliktad.

Question 26

False about arteriosclerosis A.The relationship between heart disease and dyslipidemias stems from the deposition of lipids in artery walls. B.Lipid deposits are frequently associated with increases serum concentrations of LDL-C or decreased HDL-C C.For patients with established heart disease, aggressive treatment to reduce HDL-C levels below 100mg/L (2.6mmol/L) or even lower is effective in stabilization, and sometimes regression of plaques.

Answer 26

C | LDL DAPAT

Question 27

``` false about FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (FH) A.Homozygotes for FH are common B.Heterozygotes for FH are rare C. BOTA D. NOTA ```

Answer 27

C | baliktad e :3

Question 28

identify the FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (FH) symptoms A.___ :cholesterol deposits under the skin B. __ :cholesterol deposits in the cornea

Answer 28

tendinous/tuberous xanthomas | arcus

Question 29

False about Lp(A) elevation A. Higher Lp(a) levels have been observed in patients with CHD B. Has a high degree of homology with plasminogen increasing plaque formation C. Most LDL-lowering drugs have significant effect on Lp(a) concentration

Answer 29

C | insignificant dapat

Question 30

identify type of cholesterol reflects total cholesterol minus HDL-C and encompasses all cholesterol present in potentially atherogenic, apo B–containing lipoproteins [LDL, VLDL, IDL, and Lp(a)]

Answer 30

non-HDL Cholesterol

Question 31

Which is false about non-HDL C? A. Non–HDL-C is not reliable when measured in the non-fasting state B. Studies have shown that elevated levels of non–HDL-C are associated with increased CVD risk even if the LDL- C levels are normal C. Non–HDL-C has been found to be an independent predictor of CVD and for diabetes patients

Answer 31

A | reliable siya

Question 32

T/F | hypobetalipoproteinemia is associated with isolated low levels of LDL-C

Answer 32

T

Question 33

identify the disease  extreme hypoalphalipoproteinemia  HDL-C concentrations as low as 1 to 2 mg/dL (0.03 to 0.05 mmol/L) in homozygotes  total cholesterol concentrations of 50 to 80 mg/dL (1.3 to 2.1 mmol/L)

Answer 33

Tangier Disease

Question 34

false about cholesterol measurement A. At least 6hr fasting: preferred for total cholesterol testing, required for triglyceride testing B. The lipoproteins, HDL and LDL are quantified based on their cholesterol content

Answer 34

A | 12hr dapat

Question 35

identify past method of cholesterol det

Answer 35

Hexane extraction after hydrolysis with alcoholic KOH Reaction with Liebermann- Burchard color reagent (sulfuric and acetic acids and acetic anhydride)

Question 36

identify present method of cholesterol det

Answer 36

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS):

Question 37

Triglyceride value: used in the estimation of LDL-C by | what means of computation

Answer 37

Friedewald equation

Question 38

Enum methods for sep & quanti of serum lipoproteins

Answer 38

1. Ultracentrifugation 2. Electrophoretic separations 3. Chemical precipitation methods 4. Immunochemical methods 5. Chromatographic methods

Question 39

identify the lipid measurement tool most common in clinical laboratories; designed for fully automated use with chemistry analyzers, using combinations of detergents and, antibodies to selectively assay cholesterol in lipoprotein classes

Answer 39

Direct homogeneous reagents -

Question 40

Enum methods to measure HDL

Answer 40

Three-step method (reference method by CDC): | Direct precipitation method (simpler)

Question 41

Identify HDL meas method  ultracentrifugation to remove VLDL  heparin manganese precipitation from the 1.006 g/mL infranate to remove LDL  analysis of supernatant cholesterol by the Abell- Kendall assay

Answer 41

three step method

Question 42

identify HDL meas method direct dextran sulfate (50 kD) precipitation of serum with Abell-Kendall cholesterol analysis

Answer 42

direct precipitation method

Question 43

Point-of-care testing at the patient’s bedside, in the physician’s office, in wellness centers, and even in the home identify lipid meas tool

Answer 43

compact analyzer

Question 44

Choline-containing phospholipids lecithin, | lysolecithin, and sphingomyelin are measured by an enzymatic reaction sequence using 3 enzymes. enum!

Answer 44

phospholipase D, choline oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase

Question 45

fatty acid meas commonly analysed via ___

Answer 45

gas–liquid chromatography