Lymphatic system Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Lymphatic system contains group of ____, ___, ____ that protect from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluid throughout the body
A
organs, vessels, tissue
2
Q
Lymph is colourless and waterless. T or F
A
False
3
Q
Lymph protects from infections and also ____
A
destroys old/abnormal cells
4
Q
Two other functions of lymph apart from protection and destruction of old/abnormal cells
A
maintain normal fluid levels in the body and absorb fat- and fat-soluble vitamins that makes its way into the circulatory system
5
Q
Every day, what volume of blood plasma flows out of tiny pores in the thin walls of capillaries?
A
20 L
6
Q
Five lymphatic system organs
A
Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
7
Q
Thymus is located in the _____, most active before _____.
A
upper chest; puberty
8
Q
Where do T cells mature?
A
Thymus
9
Q
Shape of lymph nodes
A
bean shaped
10
Q
Lymph nodes store?
A
lymphocytes and other immune cells
11
Q
How many lymph nodes are scattered throughout the body closely connected in chains or groups?
A
about 600
12
Q
The largest lymphatic organ is ___
A
spleen
13
Q
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lines ____, ____, ____ and ____
A
tonsils, airway, small intestine and appendix
14
Q
Three constituents of lymph and it transports?
A
cancer cells, germs, proteins; lymphocytes
15
Q
Lymphatic vessels lead to two main ducts in the ____
A
upper chest
16
Q
What helps fluid to move throughout the lymphatic vessel?
A
pulsing of major arteries
17
Q
Lymphatic vessels contain ____ that allow fluid to go to the right way
A
one-way valves
18
Q
_____ are two main ducts in the upper chest that empty into a major vein.
A
Collecting ducts
19
Q
Collecting ducts empty into ____
A
Subclavian vein
20
Q
Two main lymphatic ducts are
A
Right lymphatic and thoracic duct
21
Q
Lymph nodes are encapsulated by ____ connective tissue comprised of ____ and ___ along with interspersed _____
A
dense, elastin and collagen fibrils, fibroblast
22
Q
The _____ surface of lymph nodes is pierced by numerous afferent lymph vessels which extend to the deeper areas of the lymph node by way of ____
A
convex; trabecular extensions of the cortex
23
Q
As the trabeculate penetrates the lymph node they continue as ____
A
reticulin fibres (type IIIx collagen)
24
Q
The outermost layer of lymph nodes?
A
cortex
25
The deepest layer of the lymph node?
medulla
26
Cortex of lymph nodes consists of ____, ____ and ____
subcapsular sinus, cortical sinus and lymphoid nodes
27
The _____ is the first space that lymph fluids from afferent channel enter within the lymph node. The fluid then travels from the ____
subcapsular sinus; cortical sinus
28
The endothelium of the trabeculae sinuses is perforated by ____ and __
dendritic processes and reticular fibres
29
_____, _____ and ____ flowing through within the lymph can access the lymphatic tissue within the nodes through the disrupted endothelium
Antigen presenting cells (APC’s), circulating antigen and lymphocytes
30
In lymph node cortex, which lymphocytes are more abundant?
B cells
31
_____ are situated around the branch interlacing extensions of the follicular dendritic cells.
Lymphoid nodules
32
Lymphoid nodules may or may not have the germinal centre depending on?
if it is a primary or secondary follicle
33
Histological staining of lymph node samples is strongly influenced by the ampunt of _____
the amount of antigen the cells of the lymph nodes are exposed to
34
_____ are comprised of small dormant lymphocytes throughout while ____ has a heterogenous collection of large B lymphocytes that have already been activated by inciting antigens
Primary follicles; secondary follicle
35
Which has fewer cells and which absorb less histological stain? Primary or secondary follicles
Primary follicles has fewer cells, absorbs less stain
36
Three layers or zones of germinal centre.
Light, Dark, Mantle layers
37
_____ cells in mantle zone of germinal centre are characterized by ____, ____, _____
intense basophilic staining, small cytoplasmic volume and a heterochromatic nucleus
38
Apart from quiescent B cells, what are other cells in the mantle zone?
follicular dendritic cells, the occasional helper T lymphocyte ad macrophages
39
Which zone of germinal centre contains centrocytes that interact with follicular dendrite cells that express intact antigen on their surface?
Light zone
40
Which centrocytes will persist in the light zone of germinal centre?
Centrocytes with high affinity binding to follicular dendritic cell antigen
41
_____ help to clean up apoptotic B cells in the light zone
resident macrophages
42
____ cells in the light zone support the remaining B cells and foster the class stage of cellular maturity
Helper T cells
43
In ____ zone of germinal centre, centrocyte are highly mitotic and have strong likelihood of production of mutated antibodies
Dark zone
44
Deep to the cortical layer is the ___ whose margins blend with the ____ and ____
paracortex; superficial cortex and deep medulla
45
The principal distinguishing features of paracortex are the ____ and the ____
absence of lymphoid nodules and large number of T lymphocytes
46
Which lymph node part has large number of T lymphocytes as its distinguishing feature?
Paracortex
47
The paracortex has a unique venule known as _____
high endothelial venules
48
Most of the lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through which channel?
high endothelial venules
49
Medulla is subdivided functionally and histologically into two regions which are the?
medullary and sinus
50
The cords of medulla are populated by which 3 cells?
plasma cells, B cells and T cells
51
_____ are the terminal continuation of the centrally located cortical sinuses
Medullary sinuses
52
Medullary sinuses are the terminal continuation of the _____
centrally located cortical sinuses
53
Lymph vessels are lined by?
a simple layer of squamous endothelium
54
The subcapsular space extends around the entire lymph node except at the ____
hilum
55
Each lymphatic artery gains access to the nodes by way of the ___
hilum
56
In the ____ of lymph nodes, the straight arteries branch off into arterioles.
cortex
57
The capillaries are more commonly seen around the ___ in lymph nodes
germinal centres
58
Capillaries become numerous when there is?
antigen stimulation of the lymph node
59
Which disease is associated with antigen stimulation resulting in local enlargement of the lymph nodes draining that area and may also lead to changes in their consistency?
Lymphadenopathy
60
Antigen stimulation resulting in local enlargement is also applicable to any disease and process that affects?
Reticuloendothelial system
61
___ is a fist sized organ located in the upper quadrant of the abdomen.
Spleen
62
Five important functions of spleen
filtering blood, maintaining immune response balance, recycling iron, reservoir for additional blood in case of acute or chronic blood loss, alternative site for haematopoiesis outside the bone marrow
63
Spleen is covered by ___ and thus it is a ___ organ
a layer of visceral peritoneum; intra-peritoneal
64
Underneath the peritoneum is the _____ of the spleen enclosing its parenchyma
capsule
65
The capsule of the spleen consists of ____ tissue.
dense irregular fibro elastic
66
The connective tissue of the capsule contains _____
myofibroblasts
67
At the level of the _____, the capsule splits into several septum called ____ which penetrates the _____ of the spleen and partially divide the tissue
hilum; trabeculae; parenchyma
68
The spleen consists of ___ and ___
stroma and parenchyma
69
The _____ majorly consists of a network of connective tissue.
stroma
70
The _____ is divided into two morphologically and functionally distinct compartments
parenchyma
71
The parenchyma of spleen is divided into ____ and ____
red pulp and white pulp
72
Red and white pulp of spleen are divided by a tissue layer called the ____
marginal zone
73
Outside the margin zone is the _____ zone which contains short capillaries and blood-filled spaces with endothelial lining.
peri-follicular
74
Which pulp occupies majority of the stroma tissue of spleen?
Red pulp
75
Red pulp consists of ___ and ___
splenic cords and venous sinusoids
76
_____ (of red pulp) are circular aggregations supported by reticular connective tissue
Splenic cords
77
_____ (of red pulp) are found between the cords of Billroth
Splenic sinusoids
78
Splenic cords appear as ____ and consist of which 3 cells?
strips; macrophages, lymphocytes, and blood cells
79
What are filled with blood and give the red pulp its distinguishable red colour?
Splenic sinusoids
80
White pulp of spleen is made up of three compartments which are?
Periarterial lymph sheet, Lymphoid follicle, Marginal zone
81
_____ consists of a central artery which is a branch of a splenic artery surrounded by lymphoid tissue
Periarterial lymph sheet
82
In the periarterial lymph sheet, the lymphoid tissue is organized into two layers which are
Inner (T lymphocytes) & Outer diverse morphology (B and T)
83
Medullary sinuses eventually accumulate at the ___ of the lymph nodes to form ____ lymphatic vessels
hilum; efferent
84
Which zone of spleen contains short capillaries and blood-filled spaces with endothelial lining?
Peri-follicular zone
85
Splenic sinusoids are found between the _____
cords of Billroth
86
Lymph node is a ____ lymphoid organ that consists of an outer capsule made of _____ CT
collagenous
87
From the outer capsule of lymph node ____ or ___ extends into the body of the node which divides the organ into compartments
trabeculae or septa
88
The three main distinguishable areas inside the lymph node are
1. Outer dark cortex (B-Zone) 2. Parafollicular zone (T-Zone) 3. Inner lighter medulla
89
Lymph enters lymph node via ____ through the _____
afferent lymphatic vessels; organ capsule
90
Lymph flows through a lymphatic vessels system called _____
Sinuous System
91
Lymph leaves the lymph node at the ____ through the ____
hilum, efferent lymphatic vessels
92
In the ____, lymph is filtered and cleaned of antigen
Sinuous system
93
_____ are a collection of lymphoid tissue found in the mucosa of the pharynx which form an important part of the immune system and act as the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens
Tonsils
94
Four primary groups of tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils, Tubal tonsils, Palatine tonsils, Lingual tonsils
95
The group of tonsils are arranged into a ring around the nasopharynx and oropharynx and are collectively known as the _____
Pharyngeal lymphoid ring of Waldeyer
96
The surface of the ____ and ____ tonsils contains a variable number of tonsillar pits that open into deep invaginations known as tonsillar crypts, which can accumulate detritus and microorganisms
Palatine and Lingual tonsils
97
The ____ is an encapsulated primary lymphoid organ
thymus
98
Four regions thymus is divided into histologically
Subcapsular region, Cortical region, Inner cortical region, Medullary region
99
The capsule of thymus consists of inner and outer layers of ___ and ___, with _____ found in between
collagen and reticular fibers; lymphocytes
100
Spleen largest lymphoid organ is divided into ___ and ____
red and white pulp
101
Outer surface of spleen is surrounded by a third capsule from which ____ extend into ___ of the spleen
trabeculae; parenchyma
102
The mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts contains small aggregations of lymphocytes called ____
lymphoid follicles
103
The small aggregations of lymphocytes contained in the mucosa of these tracts are referred to as _____
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
104
Cases where these small aggregations of lymphocytes are large and confluent occur in the ____, ____ and ____
tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix
105
Peyer's patches mostly contains ____ but also can have germinal centers that contain ____ and ____
T-cells; B-lymphocytes and macrophages
106
Peyer's patches do not have?
afferent lymphatics
107
The associated lymphocytes of Peyer's patches pass out in ____ and travel to the ___
efferent lymphatics; lymph nodes
108
The epithelium of the mucosa contains special flat epithelial cells called _____ or ______
M cells (Membrane-like cells) or FAE (Follicle Associated Epithelial Cells)
109
M cells and FAE cells take up small amounts of antigen entering the ____ and pass them onto ___ and ___ of the MALT
gut lumen; antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
110
_____ in the gut react to microorganisms that cross the mucosa, and they make IgA antibodies, which are then secreted directly into the gut lumen.
Diffuse B-lymphocytes
111
Antibodies made by diffused B-cells help prevent microorganisms in the gut from sticking to _____ and can neutralize ___ and ____
gut epithelium; toxins and viruses
112
Lymph node and thymus are what lymphoid organs? (primary or secondary)
Lymph nodes are secondary; thymus is primary
113
The surface of the Palatine and Lingual tonsils contains a variable number of ____ that open into deep invaginations known as _____, which can accumulate detritus and microorganisms.
tonsillar pits; tonsillar crypts
114
Cells mostly found in Peyer's patches
T-cells
