Nervous tissue

Question 1

Neuron theory is an hypothesis which states that each nerve cell communicates with others through ____ rather than ____

Answer 1

contiguity rather than continuity

Question 2

Most sensory neurons are _____

Answer 2

pseudounipolar (one axon split into two branches)

Question 3

Motor neurons are ____

Answer 3

multipolar with one axon and several dendrites

Question 4

Interneurons are ___

Answer 4

multipolar

Question 5

The two types of motor neurons

Answer 5

Lower motor neurons and Upper motor neurons

Question 6

The motor neurons that travel from spinal cord to muscles are

Answer 6

Lower motor neurons

Question 7

The motor neurons that travel between brain and spinal cord are

Answer 7

Upper motor neurons

Question 8

Motor neurons are located in the _____, extending the ____ outside the ___

Answer 8

CNS, axons, CNS

Question 9

____ neurons have the most common type of body plan for a nerve cell.

Answer 9

motor neurons

Question 10

Most common type of neurons are

Answer 10

motor neurons

Question 11

In the spinal cord, neurons are easily distinguished based on their ___

Answer 11

functions

Question 12

Brain neurons involved in sensory processes are for example found in

Answer 12

visual and auditory processing

Question 13

Brain neurons involved in motor processes are for example found in

Answer 13

cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 14

_____ is one way that is useful for classifying neurons.

Answer 14

Looking at which neurotransmitter a neuron uses

Question 15

____ are specialized organs that form a highly complex network throughout the body providing the motor and/or sensory innervations to target organs.

Answer 15

peripheral nerves

Question 16

Histologically, peripheral nerves are composed of ____ elements which are:

Answer 16

2 elements: a functional unit of parenchyma and the stroma.

Question 17

The _____ is formed by 3 layers of specialized connective tissues.

Answer 17

stroma

Question 18

The ____ consists of the nerve fibers formed by axons and the surrounding Schwann cells

Answer 18

parenchyma

Question 19

Schwann cells can interact with a small group of thinner axons forming ____

Answer 19

unmyelinated nerve fibers

Question 20

The term neuroglia means ____

Answer 20

nerve glue

Question 21

Neuroglia are only one type of cell. T or F

Answer 21

False, Neuroglia are any of several types of cell that function primarily to support neurons

Question 22

In ____ (year), ____ suggested that neuroglial cells exchange substances with ECF

Answer 22

1907, Italian biologist Emilio Lugaro

Question 23

Neuroglial cells exchange substances with ____ and in this way exert control on the neuronal environment

Answer 23

ECF

Question 24

Three substances that influence neuronal function and are exchanged between the extracellular space and neuroglial cells.

Answer 24

Glucose, amino acids, ions

Question 25

Neuroglia exceed neurons in the nervous system by at least what ratio?

Answer 25

0.41736111111111107

Question 26

Neuroglia only exist in vertebrates. T or F

Answer 26

False, Neuroglia exist in the nervous system of invertebrates as well as vertebrates

Question 27

Neuroglia can be distinguished from neurons by ____ and ____

Answer 27

by their lack of axons and by the presence of only one type of process

Question 28

Do neuroglia form synapses? Can they divide?

Answer 28

They don’t form synapses and they retain the ability to divide throughout their lifespan.

Question 29

While neurons and neuroglia lie in close apposition to one another, ____ such as ___ exist between them

Answer 29

direct junctional specializations such as gap junctions

Question 30

____ exist between neuroglia cells

Answer 30

Gap junctions

Question 31

Apart from conventional _____ and _____ techniques, _____ are used to identify different neuroglial cell type

Answer 31

histological and electron-microscopic; immunologic techniques

Question 32

By staining the neuroglia cells with _____ that bind to specific protein constituents of different neuroglia, how many groups of neuroglia have been discerned?

Answer 32

antibodies; 4 groups

Question 33

4 groups of neuroglia cells

Answer 33

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells

Question 34

Astrocytes are subdivided into ___ and ___ types

Answer 34

Fibrous and protoplasmic

Question 35

Oligodendrocytes are subdivided into ____ and ___ types

Answer 35

Interfascicular and Perineuronal

Question 36

____ is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.

Answer 36

A synapse

Question 37

Three parts of a synapse

Answer 37

Presynaptic ending, Synaptic cleft, Post synaptic ending

Question 38

What part of synapse contain neurotransmitters?

Answer 38

Presynaptic ending

Question 39

What part of synapse is between 2 nerve cells?

Answer 39

Synaptic cleft

Question 40

What part of synapse contains receptor sites?

Answer 40

Postsynaptic ending

Question 41

The two types of synapses are?

Answer 41

Chemical and Electrical synapse

Question 42

In _____ synapse, electrical activity in the presynaptic nerve triggers the release of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

Answer 42

chemical

Question 43

In ____ synapse, two neurons are connected by specialized channels known as gap junctions.

Answer 43

Electrical

Question 44

Most synapses are ____

Answer 44

chemical

Question 45

In chemical synapses, the ____ affects other neurons through a gap present between two neurons known as the synapse

Answer 45

action potential

Question 46

The action potential is carried along the axon to a ______ that initiates the release of chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters

Answer 46

postsynaptic ending

Question 47

These neurotransmitters excite the _____ that generate an action potential of their own

Answer 47

postsynaptic neurons

Question 48

When two neurons are connected by a gap junction, it results in ____ synapse.

Answer 48

an electrical synapse

Question 49

The gaps in electrical synapse include ____ that help in the direct transmission of a positive electrical signal.

Answer 49

ion channels

Question 50

Chemical or electrical synapse, which is faster?

Answer 50

Electrical synapse

Question 51

Two important functions of a neuron are

Answer 51

Chemical and Electrical synapse

Question 52

In the PNS, nerves in addition to fibres, contain _____.

Answer 52

specialised supporting cells called Schwann cells

Question 53

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves which are ____, ganglia which contain not only nerve fibres but also ____ and ____

Answer 53

bundle of nerve fibres; neuronal cell bodies (perikarya) and nerve endings