Lymphatic System & Blood Typing (LAB PRACTICAL)

Question 1

Two parts of lymphatic system

Answer 1

-Lymphatic vessels
-Lymphoid tissues and organs

Question 2

General functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 2

-Transport escaped fluids back to the blood
-Plays essential roles in body defense and resistance disease
-Plays a role in digestion

Question 3

Lymph

Answer 3

Fluid carried by lymphatic vessels

Question 4

Lymph node function

Answer 4

-Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
-Contains defense cells (Macrophages & Lymphocytes)

Question 4

Role of valves in lymphatic system

Answer 4

Prevents backflow of lymph

Question 4

3 properties of lymphatic vessels

Answer 4

-Lymphatic vessels are a one-way system that moves lymph towards the heart
-There is no heart-like pump to move lymph
-“Skeletal muscle pump” moves lymph through vessels as skeletal muscles undergo squeezing motion

Question 5

Role of macrophages

Answer 5

Engulfs and destroys foreign substances

Question 6

Role of lymphocytes

Answer 6

Provide immune response to antigens

Question 7

Medulla

Answer 7

-Inner part
-Contains macrophages (Phagocytic cells)

Question 8

Cortex of lymph node

Answer 8

-Exterior portion
-Contains follicles that house collections of lymphocytes

Question 9

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 9

-Collect lymph from lymph capillaries
-Carry lymph towards and away from lymph nodes
-Return fluids to circulatory veins near the heart (Right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct)

Question 9

Flow of lymph through nodes

Answer 9

-Lymph enters convex side through AFFERENT lymphatic vessels
-Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node
-Lymph exits through EFFERENT lymphatic vessels
-Fewer efferent than afferent vessels causes flow to be slowed

Question 10

Red bone marrow

Answer 10

-Site of lymphocyte production as they contain hematopoietic stem cells (Not T lymphocytes)
-Where B cells mature

Question 11

Spleen

Answer 11

-Filters blood and destroys worn-out blood cells
-Forms blood cells in fetus
-Acts as blood resevoir

Question 12

Tonsils

Answer 12

-Small masses of lymphoid tissue around pharynx
-Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign material
-Congestion of bacteria can cause tonsillitis

Question 13

Thymus

Answer 13

-Produces hormones (Like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
-Maturation site for T lymphocytes
-Functions at peak level only in childhood

Question 14

Peyer’s patches

Answer 14

-Aggregated lymphoid nodules in small intestine that capture and destroy bacteria
-Similar to tonsils in structure

Question 15

Appendix

Answer 15

Resevoir for gut bacteria; may assist in B cell maturation

Question 16

Secondary lymphoid tissues and organs

Answer 16

-Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoid, appendix, Peyer’s patch

Question 17

B cell

Answer 17

Lymphocyte that resides in lymph nodes, spleen, or other lymphoid tissues where it is induced to replicate by antigen-binding and helper T cell interactions; its progeny (clone members) form plasma cells and memory cells

Question 18

Plasma Cell

Answer 18

Antibody producing “Machine”; produces huge numbers of the same antibody, represents further specialization of b cell clone descendants

Question 19

Helper T cell

Answer 19

-A T-cell that binds with a specific antigen presented by a macrophage -Stimulates the production of other immune cells (Cytotoxic T cells and B cells) to help fight the invader
-Acts both directly and indirectly by releasing cytokines

Question 20

Cytotoxic T Cell/Killer T cell

Answer 20

-Enhanced by helper T cell
-Specialty is killing virus-invaded body cells and body cells that have become cancerous
-Involved in graft rejection

Question 21

Regulatory T cell

Answer 21

Slows or stops the activity of B and T cells once the infection has been conquered. Thought to be important in preventing autoimmune disease.

Question 22

Memory Cell

Answer 22

Descendant of an activated B cell or T cell; generated during the initial immune response; may exist in the body for years thereafter, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent infections or meetings with the same antigen

Question 23

Antigen-presenting cell

Answer 23

-Any of several cell types that engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters and presents parts of them on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen. -Essential in cell-mediated response

Question 24

Plasma Cells (Effector B cells)

Answer 24

Produce antibodies/immunoglobulins

Question 25

Antibody function

Answer 25

-Binds to specific antigen -Aid in inactivation or destruction

Question 26

Antibody Structure

Answer 26

-Four amino acid chains are linked by disulfide bonds -Two identical A.A chains are linked to form the heavy chain -The other 2 chains will form the light chain -2 specific antigen binding site -Constant region same within a class of antibodies

Question 27

IgD

Answer 27

-Always attached to B cell -Believed to be cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell and important in B cell activation

Question 28

IgM

Answer 28

-Attached to B cell, free in plasma -Serves as antigen receptor when bound to B cell -1st Ig to be released during primary response -Potent agglutinating agent

Question 29

IgG

Answer 29

-Most abundant (75-85% of circulating antibodies) -Main antibody of both primary and secondary responses; crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus -fixes complement.

Question 30

IgA

Answer 30

-Monomer in plasma; dimer in secretion (Saliva, tears, milk) -Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens

Question 31

IgE

Answer 31

-Secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosae in GI and respiratory tract, and tonsils -Binds to mast cells and basophils, and triggers release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and certain allergic reactions

Question 32

Blood type A

Answer 32

-A antigens -Anti B antibodies -Can receive Type A and Type O blood

Question 33

Blood type B

Answer 33

-B antigens -Anti A antibodies -Can receive type B and Type O blood

Question 34

Blood Type AB

Answer 34

-Both A and B antigens -No anti A or anti B antibodies -AB+ is universal recipient and can receive all blood types

Question 35

Blood Type O

Answer 35

-No A or B antigens -Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies -Universal donor -Can only receive O