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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing of air in and out of lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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4
Q

Respiratory zone

A

-Around 3 liters
-Site of gas exchange
-Microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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5
Q

Conducting zone

A

-Around 150 mLs
-Conducts air to gas exchange sites
-Includes all other respiratory structures
-Humidifies, cleanses, and warms incoming air
-Dehumidifies air leaving to reclaim heat

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6
Q

Upper airways

A

Head & Neck

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7
Q

Respiratory tract

A

Larynx and Lungs

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8
Q

Functions of nose

A

-Entry/Exit airway
-Moistens and warms air
-Filters and cleans inspired air
-Chamber to resonate speech
-Olfactory receptors

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9
Q

Olfactory mucosa cells

A

Produced by olfactory epithelium & underlying CT

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10
Q

Respiratory mucosa cells

A

-Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-Mucous and serous secretions
-Inspired air warmed by capillaries and veins

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11
Q

Nasal conchae

A

-Contains a superior, middle, and inferior region
-Protrudes medially from lateral wall
-Increases mucosal area
-Enhances air turbulence

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12
Q

Role of conchae and nasal mucosa during inhalation and exhalation

A

Inhalation: Filter, heat, and moistens air
Exhalation: Reclaims heat and moisture

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13
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

-Cavities located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
-Lightens skull, resonates sound, secretes mucus, and helps warm and moisten air

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14
Q

Pharynx

A

Muscular passage connecting nasal cavity to larynx

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15
Q

Three regions of pharynx

A

-Nasopharynx: Superior region behind nasal cavity
-Oropharynx: Middle region behind mouth
-Laryngopharynx: Inferior region attached to larynx

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16
Q

Role & characteristics of larynx

A

-Plays a role in speech
-Routes air and food into proper channel
-Sections of rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

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17
Q

Epiglottis

A

Routes food to esophagus and air towards trachea

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18
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

Thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)

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19
Q

Vocal folds

A

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound/speech

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20
Q

Vestibular fold

A

False vocal cord

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21
Q

Glottis

A

Opening between vocal cords

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22
Q

Trachea

A

-Four inch long tube
-Walls reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
-Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium
-Ends of cartilage connected by trachealis muscle
-Anterior to esophagus

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23
Q

Divisions/Lobes of lungs

A

-Left lungs: Inferior and superior lobes
-Right lung: Inferior, middle and superior lobes

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24
Q

Types of bronchi

A

-Primary bronchi
-Secondary bronchi
-Tertiary bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Terminal bronchioles
-Respiratory bronchioles (No reinforced cartilage on walls)

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25
Alveoli
-Site of gas exchange (300 million/lung) -Rich blood supply with capillary sheets formed over alveoli -Contain alveolar macrophages
26
Type I alveoli cells
-Makeup wall of alveoli -Single layer squamous epithelial cells
27
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
Secrete surfactant
28
Surface tension
-Decreases surface area at the interface -Attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface
29
Lung expansion via pleura
Lungs are functionally connected to chest wall by the pleural sac to allow expansion of lungs with chest expansion
29
Surfactant
Lipid and protein complex produced by Type II alveolar cells -Reduced surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse
30
Pressure gradients and breathing
Change in pressure is the inverse of change in volume -ΔP=1/ΔV
31
Negative intrapleural pressure
Causes lungs to expand to increase volume of lungs to reduce negative pressure
32
Pressure before inspiration
-P(atm) & P(alv) are equal around 760 mmHg -P(intrapleural) must be lower to keep alveoli slightly open
33
Pressure during inspiration
-P(Alv) is lower than P(atm) causing influx of air into the lung due to diaphragm contraction -Occurs until both values become equal
34
Ptp Gradient
Gradient between P(alv) and P(ip) that is always contant to prevent lung collapse
34
Pressure during expiration
-P(atm) is lower than P(alv) causing efflux of air from diaphragm relaxation.
35
Intrapleural pressure chracteristics
Remains lower than alveolar pressure throughout the respiratory cycle
36
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
37
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
38
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
39
Residual volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in lung after a forced expiration
40
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
-IC=TV + IRV -Maximum volume inspiration after expiration quiet breath
41
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
-FRC=ERV+RV -Amount of air in lungs after normal breath out
42
Vital capacity (VC)
-VC=TV+IRV+ERV -Total amount of exchangeable air
43
Total lung capacity (TLC)
-TLC=TV+IRVERV+RV -Max amount of air that could be in lungs
44
Lung compliance
-Stretchability of lungs -CL=Volume of lungs /(Palv-Pip) -Greater CL --> easier to expand lung -Determined by elastic tissue of lung and surface tension generated at the air-water interfaces within alveoli
45
Pneumothorax
-Presence of air in pleural cavity --> Pip=Patm -Causes a collapse in lung
45
Impact of surfactant on lung compliance
Reduced
46
Elastic recoil/Elastance
Elasticity of the lung, inverse of compliance, increases Pip
47
Law of Laplace
P=2T/r -Without surfactant surface tension (T) increases with smaller alveolar volume -With surfactant: Equilibrates alveoli sizes, homogenous distribution of air in different sized alveoli & prevents alveolar collapse
48
Causes of low compliance
-Low muscle contraction of respiratory muscles -High surface tension (low surfactant) -Scar tissue (Fibrosis) -Edema (Fluid in IS space)
48
Causes for types of lung collapse
-Immediate: Trauma or surgery -Overtime: Disease or tension pneumothorax
49
Causes of high compliance
-Emphysema: Air filled enlargment of tissue by breakdown of wall of alveoli
49
Ventilation
Tidal volume (TV) * Rate (f)
50
Treatment
Chest tube is placed in the pleural cavity, plugged into vacuum
51
Airway resistance
Resistance to airflow -F=(Patm-Palv)/R -Air flow (F) depends upon the driving pressure (P) and the resistance (R)
52
Determinants of airway resistance values
-Highest resistance in upper respiratory tract, trachea, and bronchi -Lung volume determines airway lumen -Elastic recoil determines intrapleural pressure, airway diameter -Airway radius changes with smooth muscle or obstruction
53
Impact of nervous system on airway resistance
-PSNS: Smooth muscle contraction of bronchi --> asthma -SyNS: Smooth muscle relaxation --> asthma treatment
54
Alveolar dead spsace
Non-functional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction or no perfusion -Negligible in healthy lungs
55
Anatomical dead space
-No contribution to gas exchange
56
Total dead space/Physiological dead space
Sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space
57
Minute ventilation (VE)
-ml/min -VE=TV*f -f=ventilation rate(Breaths/min)
58
Alveolar vent (VA)
-mL/min -VA=(TV-DV) * f -f=ventilation rate (Breaths/min) -DV=dead volume (mL) -Determines efficiency of ventilation
59
Gas exchange
-O2 and CO2 move down partial pressure gradients by simple passive diffusion -Gases dissolved in fluids also exert partial pressure. The greater the partial pressure of gas in fluid, the more gas is dissolved.
60
Instances when diffusion of gas will increase
-ΔP increases therefore P(alv) vs. P(pc) -Membrane permeability to gas increases -Increase in surface area of diffusion -Decrease in membrane thickness
61
Ventilation (V)
Amount of gas reaching the alveoli
62
Perfusion (Q)
Amount of blood flow reaching alveoli
63
Pressure Gradients & Gas Exchange principles
-Amount of O2 picked up in lungs matches the amount extracted and used up by tissues
64
Mixed venous pressure/Pmv(O2)
Immediately available O2 reserve for increased demand
65
Means of compensation
1. Recruitment of other capillary beds within the lung 2. Distension of small vessels
66
Methods of O2 transport in blood
-Physically dissolved: 1.5% -Bound to Hgb: 98.5%
67
Methods of CO2 transport
-Physically dissolved: 10% -Bound to Hb: 20% -As bicarbonate: 70%
68
Carbonic anhydrase
Converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid (Bicarbonate & proton)
69
Chloride shift
Bicarbonate acid exits RBC (For CO2 transport) in exchange for CL- ions from plasma in order to maintain a concentration of ions that endusres electrical neutrality
70
Left shift on binding curve
-Increase affinity for O2 -Decrease CO2 pressure -Decrease in [H+], Increased pH -Decrease in BPG -Decrease in temp
71
Right shift on binding curve
-Decreased affinity for O2 -Increased CO2 pressure -High [H+], Decreased pH -Increase BPG concentration -Increase in temp
72
Control of respiration
-No pacemaker activity in lungs or respiratory muscles -Respiratory centers located in medulla oblongata -Maintains homeostasis of O2, CO2, and pH -Impacts rate (f) and depth (TV) of respiration
73
Regulation of magnitude of ventilation
-Located in pons center in pneumotaxic and apneustic centers -Response to strenous exercise: Increase in TV & pulmonary stretch receptors preventing overinflation -Used to modify respiratory activity for speech, singing, coughing, and sneezing
74
Neural ventilation control receptors
-Neurons in the reticular formation of medulla oblongata and pons -Requires input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (16 decks)

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